II The Mexican Revolution 1910 1940 A Mexico

A. Mexico in 1910 1. Since independence from Spain (1821): – few wealthy families

B. Revolution 1. Led by several rebels from different levels of society: – Francisco

Epic of The Mexican People Today & Tomorrow

Revolutionary Results C. Constitutionalists Take Over 1. Constitutionalists win after: - years of fighting

Revolutionary Results D. Changes: C. 1917 Mexican Constitution: -limited foreign ownership -unionized workers -restricted

A. Brazil & Argentina to 1929 1. Argentina: elites controlled export of meat (from

B. Authoritarian Regimes 1. Depression: exports plummeted 2. Brazil: Getulio Vargas led a coup

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II. The Mexican Revolution (1910– 1940)

A. Mexico in 1910 1. Since independence from Spain (1821): – few wealthy families owned 85% of land – Indians & mestizos poor peasants – American companies acquired millions acres of land 2. General Porfirio Diaz: – by 1910 ruled for 34 yrs. – discrimination persisted & elite were enriched – decline in standard of living

“Big Stick” Foreign Policy

B. Revolution 1. Led by several rebels from different levels of society: – Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz (1911) – Madero overthrown by General Huerta (1913) – “constitutionalists” Carranza & Obregon (leaders of middle class) overthrew Huerta (1914) – Emiliano Zapata led a peasant revolt in the south – “Pancho” Villa led an army in the north

Emiliano Zapata & Pancho Villa

Women in the Revolution

Soldaderas

Revolutionary Art: Diego Rivera

Epic of The Mexican People Today & Tomorrow

Revolutionary Results C. Constitutionalists Take Over 1. Constitutionalists win after: - years of fighting - 2 million casualties 2. Adopted agrarian reforms & social programs - land redistribution to poor - free education

Revolutionary Results D. Changes: C. 1917 Mexican Constitution: -limited foreign ownership -unionized workers -restricted church lands -set stage for industrialization -creation of single-party dominance: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

III. Argentina & Brazil (1900– 1949)

A. Brazil & Argentina to 1929 1. Argentina: elites controlled export of meat (from the Pampas) & wheat – oligarquia: small group of wealthy landowners 2. Brazil: elite coffee, cacao, & rubber exporters – imported all manufactured goods – outspoken middle class

B. Authoritarian Regimes 1. Depression: exports plummeted 2. Brazil: Getulio Vargas led a coup & created policy called import substitution industrialization (ISI)…made Brazil a fascist state 3. Argentina: 1943 Colonel Juan Peron led coup modeled after Nazi regime… – with wife Eva Peron populist dictator appealed to urban workers

What is the Message?