II Skeletonconsists of bones and other connective tissue

II. Skeleton-consists of bones and other connective tissue structures (cartilage, ligaments, and joints) Shoulder Elbow Carpus Metacarpus Shoulder Elbow Hip Stifle Tarsus(hock) Metatarsus Hip Stifle Tarsus(hock) Carpus(Knee) Metacarpus Metatarsus

BONES OF THE PELVIC LIMB • The pelvic girdle, or pelvis, of the dog consists: • Two hip bones (Os Coxae): – Each hip bone is formed by the fusion three primary bones and the addition of a fourth in early life – Ilium, which articulates with the sacrum. – Ischium is the most caudal – Pubis is located ventromedial to the Ilium and cranial to the large Obturator foramen. - The small acetabular bone, which helps form the acetabulum, is incorporated with the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis when they fuse (about the third month).

Os Coxae 1 - The Ilium It can be divided into: wing body The tuber Coxae The tuber Sacrale, The external or gluteal surface The internal or sacropelvic surface

• 2 - Ischium – – tuberosity body table ramus. • 3 - The pubis – body – two rami.

the acetabular

The acetabulum • a cavity that receives the head of the femur. • Its articular surface is semilunar and is composed of parts of the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis and the acetabular bone in young animals. • The circumference of the articular surface is broken at the caudomedial part by the acetabular notch.

the acetabular

The pelvic canal • short ventrally but long dorsally Its lateral wall is composed of the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis. • The pelvic inlet is limited laterally and ventrally by the Arcuate line. – Its dorsal boundary is the promontory of the sacrum. • The pelvic outlet is bounded ventrally by the Ischiatic arch • Mid-dorsally by the first caudal vertebra, and laterally by the superficial gluteal muscle and the sacrotuberous ligament.

• The femur: • is a typical long bone with a cylindrical body and two expanded extremities. • Tibia • Fibula

Tarsal Bones • The tarsus between the metatarsals and the leg, is composed of seven tarsal bones the hock • The bones are arranged in three irregular rows. • The proximal row is composed of a long, laterally located calcaneus and a shorter, medially located talus. • Distal Raw: 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th tarsal • Central tarsal bone

Metatarsal Bones • The metatarsal bones resemble the metacarpal bones except for the first, which may be divided, rudimentary, or absent.

Phalanges Those of the hind paw, or pes, are similar to those of the forepaw, or manus. The first digit, or hallux, is frequently absent. When present, it is called a dew claw and may vary from *- a fully developed digit articulating with a normal first metatarsal bone *- to a vestigial structure composed only of a terminal phalanx.