If you wish to experience peace provide peace

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“If you wish to experience peace, provide peace for another. ” - Tenzin Gyatso,

“If you wish to experience peace, provide peace for another. ” - Tenzin Gyatso, the 14 th Dalai Lama It took Leo Tolstoy six years to write War and Peace.

World War II The Outbreak: Japan, Italy, and Spain

World War II The Outbreak: Japan, Italy, and Spain

The Rising Sun of Japan n With the growing power of the military, militarism,

The Rising Sun of Japan n With the growing power of the military, militarism, and the need for more raw materials, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931. n 1932: Japan est. Manchuria as an independent state and renamed it Manchukuo and set up former Chinese emperor Pu Yi as a puppet ruler.

www. britannica. com/ebi/art-54958/Manchuria? . . .

www. britannica. com/ebi/art-54958/Manchuria? . . .

“Emperor” Pu Yi

“Emperor” Pu Yi

The Rising Sun of Japan n When China protested in the L of N

The Rising Sun of Japan n When China protested in the L of N about Japan’s actions, the League ordered a commission under Brit. statesman Lord Lytton to investigate the affair. n The commission found Japan guilty and ordered the Japanese gov. to return Manchuria to China; the League voted in favor of this verdict. n 1933: Japan withdraws from the League. The Manchurian incident: revealed L of N was powerless; increased expansionism in Italy and Germ. n

Lord Lytton

Lord Lytton

The Rising Sun of Japan n In the early 1930 s, the Japanese military

The Rising Sun of Japan n In the early 1930 s, the Japanese military wanted the rich oil reserves in the East Indies for ships and planes. n However, to control the Indies, Japan needed Chinese ports. n Summer 1937: Japanese forces invaded China and captured major eastern and southern cities; mass brutality in Nanjing: over 200, 000 civilians killed.

East Indies (Inside Red)

East Indies (Inside Red)

Nanjing Massacre

Nanjing Massacre

Japan Nanjing

Japan Nanjing

The Rising Sun of Japan n During Japan’s invasion, the gov. of Chiang Kai-shek

The Rising Sun of Japan n During Japan’s invasion, the gov. of Chiang Kai-shek retreated inland later allied with the Western powers. n From 1937 -1945, the Nationalists, the Chinese Communists, and the Japanese fought each other for control of China.

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek

n 1931: Japanese Aggression in Manchuria [01: 53]

n 1931: Japanese Aggression in Manchuria [01: 53]

n The China Incident [01: 27]

n The China Incident [01: 27]

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia www. answers. com/topic/mediterranean-sea

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia www. answers. com/topic/mediterranean-sea

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia http: //www. ccafrica. ca/country/ ethiopia/map_political. jpg

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia http: //www. ccafrica. ca/country/ ethiopia/map_political. jpg

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n Japan’s success in Manchuria inspired Italy to make a

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n Japan’s success in Manchuria inspired Italy to make a similar move in Ethiopia. n 1934: Italian and Ethiopian forces clashed in a disputed zone on the border of Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland. n Mussolini wanted to fulfill expansionist goals in Ethiopia because: It was one of the few independent African nations left. It would serve to unify the Italian-held Eritrea to the northwest and Italian Somaliland to the east. It was considered to be militarily weak, and rich in resources. n n n

Benito and the Blackshirt Youth

Benito and the Blackshirt Youth

Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n After the clash, Mussolini demanded an apology and reparations,

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n After the clash, Mussolini demanded an apology and reparations, the Ethiopians responded by asking the L of N to investigate. n The League decided that because each side viewed the area where the incident took place as its own territory, neither side was to blame. n Oct. 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia; Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed for help.

Emperor Haile Selassie

Emperor Haile Selassie

www. socialistworker. co. uk/art. php? id=8713

www. socialistworker. co. uk/art. php? id=8713

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n In response to Selassie’s appeal for help, the League

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia n In response to Selassie’s appeal for help, the League voted economic sanctions against Italy: no arms and certain raw materials. n However, the sanctions did not include oil, coal, and iron, materials vital to the Italian war effort. n May 1936: League’s actions were ineffective; Mussolini formally annexes Ethiopia.

n Italy's Invasion and Conquest of Ethiopia [01: 04]

n Italy's Invasion and Conquest of Ethiopia [01: 04]

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n n A Civil War started

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n n A Civil War started in Spain because like Germany: Spain was experiencing social and economic problems post-WWI. King Alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931; Spain became a republic. Republican gov. began social reforms (limiting the Catholic church, land redistribution, etc. ) that were opposed by right-wing political groups who wanted to restore the old order.

Spain

Spain

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n July 1936: Right-wing army chiefs

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n July 1936: Right-wing army chiefs staged an uprising in Spanish Morocco that spread to Spain. n For the next 3 years the conservative Spanish Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco battled the left-wing Loyalists (Spanish Republicans) for control of Spain.

Spain Morocco

Spain Morocco

General Francisco Franco

General Francisco Franco

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n n n Foreign powers soon

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n n n Foreign powers soon became involved with the civil war: The Soviet Union supported the Loyalists. Germ. and Italy supported the Nationalists. Volunteers from Brit. , Fr. , the U. S. , and other countries joined the Spanish International Brigade and fought for the Republican cause against fascism. The govs. of the Western demos. , however, refused to intervene because they feared a general Euro. war.

International Brigade Propaganda Posters

International Brigade Propaganda Posters

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n Hitler viewed Germ. participation as

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n Hitler viewed Germ. participation as a way to strengthen ties with Italy and to secure a vital supply of Spanish iron ore and magnesium. n Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe (Germ. air force) saw this an a opportunity to 1) prevent the spread of Communism, and 2) an excuse to test out the new air force: the Condor Legion, an all Germ. air and ground force. n The Condor Legion used Spanish towns and cities as testing grounds for new weapons and military tactics (combined use of fire and high-explosive bombs).

Hermann Göring

Hermann Göring

Messerschmitt Bf 109 library. thinkquest. org/05 aug/01843/ww. II. html n n n Fast, light,

Messerschmitt Bf 109 library. thinkquest. org/05 aug/01843/ww. II. html n n n Fast, light, and considered to be the greatest prop interceptor ever built. Prototype in 1935; tested during the Spanish Civil War. In WWII they were used to escort German bombers. They were more agile then the British Hurricane, but less agile then the Spitfire; thus British aviation prevailed. 35, 000 different versions were built in Germany and in other countries.

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n Summer 1936: Nationalists have taken

Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists n Summer 1936: Nationalists have taken over most of western Spain. n 1938: Soviets stop sending aid to the Loyalists; Franco Francisco launches final offensive. n March 1939: Franco enters Madrid, the last of the Loyalist strongholds, and is victorious. Despite being a Fascist dictator, Franco does not ally himself with Italy and Germ. at this time. n

www. aboutromania. com/maps 179. html

www. aboutromania. com/maps 179. html

n Germans and Italians Aid Franco in Spain: New Weapons and Tactics [00: 52]

n Germans and Italians Aid Franco in Spain: New Weapons and Tactics [00: 52]