If the dog see strangers it barks If

条件句 （一）真实条件句与虚拟条件句对比 • 真实条件句 • If the dog see strangers, it barks. • If you don’t look after tomato plants, they die very quickly. • If you touch me , I will scream. （这是真的） • If you are happy, you will make others happy. • If he told you that last night , John was lying. （真的说过了）

条件句 • 虚拟条件句（非真实条件句） • If you beat me , I ’d scream. （与现在相反，不是真的） • If you were happy, you’d make others happy. （与现在相反） • If he had told you that last night, John would have been lying. （与过去相反，实际并没有说）

• If I _ _ _ on my knees and I _ _ _ with you • If I _ _ _ a million oceans just to be with you • _ _ _ you ever _ _ _ me down • If I _ _ _ the highest mountain just to hold you tight • If I _ _ _ that I would love you every single night • _ _ _ you ever _ _ _ me down • Well, I‘m sorry if it sounds kind of sad • It‘s just that worried, so worried, that you let me down • Because I love you, love you • So don‘t let me down • If I _ _ _ the longest river just to call your name • If I _ _ _ the way I feel for you would never change • _ _ _ you ever _ _ _ around

Subjunctive Mood • Baby one more time-Britney Spears 宝�再来一次 (布莱妮) • (Oh baby)! Oh, baby ! • How was I supposed to know ? • That something wasn't right here. Oh, baby! • I shouldn't have let you go. • And now you're out of sight yeah. • Show me how you want it to be. • Tell me baby.

Subjunctive Mood If I should stay. I would only be in your way. So I'll go. But I know. I'll think of you every step of the way.

非真实条件句 • （2）与过去事实相反的非真实条件句 • 在这种条件句中，谓语动词都用had+过去分词。 如果条件句中谓语动词是be动词时，所有人称都 用had been，主句的动词都用 would/could/should+have+过去分词。 • If you had come here yesterday, you could have been him. • If I had taken his advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake. • If she had not been very busy yesterday, she would have come to see you.

非真实条件句 • 例句： • If she were to get a scholarship next year, she could go on for graduate study. • If it should rain tomorrow, the basketball match would be put off. • What do you think would be the value of the necklace, if I were to sell it? (不大可能会卖） • What do you think is the value of the necklace if I sell it to you?

假如给我三天光明（Three Days to See) • • • I have often (think) it___(be) a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness ____(make) him more appreciable of sight; silence ____ (teach) him the joys of sound. If I ___(be) the president of a university I __( establish) a compulsory course in “How to Use Your Eyes”. The professor ___( try) to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He ___(try) to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties. Suppose you ____(set) your mind to work on the problem of how you ___ (use) your own eyes if you ___(have)only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness of the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon?

非真实条件句 错综虚拟 1：主句现在+从句过去 克林顿和希拉里 你当初要是嫁给了他，你现在就做不了总 统夫人了，而只能是加油 的太太了。 If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant instead of the wife of a president. yes , if I had married him, he would be the president of America instead of you.

非真实条件句 • If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today. • If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now.

非真实条件句 • （5） 倒装虚拟 • 在文学英语中，若将had，were，should提到句首，可 将if省略，改用倒装语序 Were I a bird, I would fly by your window. (=if I were…) • Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. • Should he come here, we would discuss this with him. (=if he should come here…) • Did we know her circumstances, we could do something to help her. if we knew her circumstances…)

非真实条件句 • Brain Twister: • The Taxi Driver Mystery • Rebecca was in a taxi on her way home. Max, the taxi driver, knew she was a well-known chatterbox and didn’t want to engage in conversation with her. So he pretended to be deaf and dumb. He pointed to his ears and mouth to indicate to her that he couldn’t hear or speak. This ruse seemed to work. The journey was peacefully silent. • When they arrived and Rebecca had got out of the taxi, Max pointed to his meter so she would read how much she owed. Rebecca looked at the meter, read what she owed him, paid him and walked off. • But she almost immediately realized that Max couldn’t have been a deaf mute. • How did she know?

非真实条件句 • He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then. • Mary couldn’t have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now. • He would put on weight, but he doesn’t eat much. • He couldn’t have bought that limousine, but he inherited a big fortune from his father.

非真实条件句 • • • TEM-4 1 We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ___him. A would have telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephone D had telephoned 2 He must have had an accident, or he __then. A would have been here. B should be here C had to be here D would be there

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 例如： • The commanders and fighters ordered that the enemy officers (should) put up their hands. 指战员们命令敌军军官举手投降。 • The manager insisted that we (should) finish it before 6. 经理坚持要我们 6点以前完成任务。 • I suggest that we (should) start early. 我建议我们早点出发。 • They proposed that the meeting of the teaching research section (should) be put off. 他们提议教研组会议延期。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 例句： • （a） It is proposed that we (should) leave early tomorrow morning. • 建议我们明天早点动身。 • （b） It is requested that all the teaching staff (should) be ready by half past five o’clock. • 要求全体教职员 在 5点半准备好。 • （c） It is advised that Mary (should) be singled out for praise. • 建议把玛丽单独提出来表扬。 • （d） It was demanded that they (should) give up their trying. • 要求他们放弃尝试。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 例句： • （a）It is our desire that a doctor (should) stay here. • 我们希望有一个医生留在这儿。 • （b）It is a great pity that he (should) not be allowed to attend the meeting. • 很遗憾的是没有让他来参加会议。 • （c）It is a decision that the school (should) remain closed next week because of the spread of SARS. • 由于非典流行，学校决定下周继续停课。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 例句： • （a）It is necessary that you (should) study hard. • 你必须努力学习。 • （b）It is important that we (should) give greater scope to the collectivist spirit in our work. • 我们在 作中发扬集体主义精神是重要的。 • （c）It is impossible that she should know so little. • 她不可能知道得那么少。 • （d）It is strange that she (should) know the answer earlier than anyone else. • 奇怪的是她居然比其他人早知道答案。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 例句： • （a）They put forward a suggestion that the press conference (should) be cancelled. • 他们建议取消记者招待会。 • （b）There is a necessity that a college student (should) know at least one foreign language. • 作为一名大学生有必要至少懂一门外语。 • （c）The decision that every member (should) attend the meeting was informed. • 每个成员都得参加会议的决定已经通知了。 • （d）They had a proposal that somebody neutral (should) take the chair. • 他们提议由一个中立的人来担任主席。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • The teacher spoke slowly in order that the students (should) understand. • 但We ought to write to him in order that he doesn’t feel we’re hiding things from him. （陈述 式） • He put his coat over her for fear/lest she (should) catch cold. • 但 He always keeps the machine tools clean lest corrosion occurs. (陈述式) • I will get some beer in case Mary should come. （虚拟式）（来的可能性不大 • 但 I will get some beer in case Mary comes. （ 陈述式）（肯定会来）

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • 由though，whatever，whether等引导的让 步状语从句中，用be型虚拟。 • Though everyone desert you, I will not. （用 得很少） • Whatever be his defense , we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. 在非正式语体中，可以是： • Whatever his defense may be, we can’t tolerate his disloyalty. • Whether she be right or wrong , she will have my unswerving support.

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • Home is home , be it ever so homely. • No man loves his fetters, be they made of gold. ——D. B. Heyward • 即使是金子做的镣铐，也没有人喜欢戴。— —海沃德（美国作家） • Let justice be done , though heaven fall. — —Latin proverb • 即使天塌下来，也要伸张正义。——拉丁 谚语

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • • 用于某些公式化的虚拟式句子中 1、may型虚拟式（祈使句） May you both be happy! 祝你俩幸福 May you succeed!祝你成功 May the friendship between two peoples last forever. 愿两大民族永远友好下去。 May all the lovers in the world be couples in the end. 愿天下有情人终成眷属。

名词性从句之be型虚拟 • • • 2、其他语句 Long live liberty!自由万岁 God damn you!该死的 Heaven forbid that…上天不容… Devil take him!混蛋 So be it. 那就这样吧 Suffice it to say that… 只需说……就够了 Far be it from me to （我极不愿）spoil the fun. He will remain here if need be.

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • • • 2、were型虚拟的用法 （1）、用于wish后面的宾语从句 I wish I had brought a map with me. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much last night I wish (that) I were a bit taller. I wish the sun was shining at this moment. I wish I didn’t have to go to work today. I wish he could explain what he means I wish you could shut up.

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • 注意：I wish 和 I hope 都表示“希望”，但I hope that…并不表示假设意义，随后的动词形式除表 示婉转口气外，很少用过去时形式。例如： • I hope you are ready. • I hope you’re coming to our party. • I hope you can do something to help her. • We hope you will be very happy. • I hope the weather would be favorable.

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • 例如： • I would rather (that) you went there alone. • I would rather (that) I did it tomorrow. • I would sooner (that) she came here the day after tomorrow. • I would just as soon (that) he solved the problem all by himself. • I had just as soon (that) you didn’t take so many things on travelling. • I would rather I had not been at the site of the accident.

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • 例句： • If only I had more free time, I would read more classical literature. （与现在事实相反 • If only he had not been so nervous , he would have played it better. （与过去事实相反 • if only I had arrived here earlier, I would not miss the last bus. （错综条件句

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • 例句： • She speak English so well as if she were a native English speaker. • It seems as if she never knew fatigue. • He talks about New York as if he had been there. • 注意：as if , as though 引导的句中，如果主句中的 谓语动词为系动词（如appear，sound，feel， smell，taste等），从句中即可用虚拟语气，也可 以用陈述语气，用陈述语气居多。常用as if。

• • • 名词性从句之were型虚拟 例如： It tastes as if it has plum in it. It feels as if it is made of cotton. He looks as if (he is )hungry. It smells as if it had gone bad.

名词性从句之were型虚拟 • （6）、用于suppose，supposing，imagine等 后面的宾语从句 • 在这个句型中，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示一 种假设。例如： • Supposing the earth were flat, what would happen to the ship sailing round the earth? • Imagine everyone were to give up smoking. • Suppose you had one million pounds, what would you want to do most? • suppose，supposing，imagine等后面的宾语从句谓语 动词也可以用陈述语气，表示一种真实的条件。例如： • supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do? • Imagine your parents can’t come tomorrow, what shall you

虚拟语气的省略 • • • 虚拟语气的省略 1、省略主句：用if only 引导的虚拟式的句子， 通常都不出现主句，因为if only=I wish If only he were here. =I wish he were here. If only you could marry me!= I wish you would marry me. 但 if only he comes in time. （陈述式）= I hope he will come in time.

虚拟语气的省略 • 某些虚拟语气的省略也属于含蓄虚拟语气 • This same thing, happening in wartime(=if it should happen in wartime), would amount to disaster. • Born in better times(=if he had been born in better times), he would have done credit to the profession of letters. • Left to itself(=if it had been left to itself), the country would long have achieved its unity. • To look at him (=if you were to look at him), you would think him a young man.

虚拟语气的省略 • 含蓄虚拟条件句 • 在含蓄条件从句中，假设部分可不用if 引导的从 句，而用介词短语或其他形式来表达 。例如 • Without your help, we could not have succeeded. • But for your help, we could not have succeeded • He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.

练习： • • • Mary wishes her husband_______(come)back a bit earlier from the office. He ‘s always late for diner. 答案：came She says she’d rather he _____(leave) tomorrow instead of today. 答案： left It is about time the police______(do away with)gambling. 答案： did away with Suppose/Supposing I ______(do)what you asked. What would have become of be? 答案：had done If only I ______(can)get something to do. 答案： could

• • • Our teacher suggested that each of us______(make) a study plan for the new term. 答案：make If I ______(be) in your place, I wouldn’t accept her invitation. 答案：were ______(she be) to leave tomorrow, she would arrive there next Monday. 答案： Were she to She behaves as though she ______(do) it better than us. 答案：did Without your advice, I ______(may get) into trouble. 答案：Might have got

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