IDENTIFICATION Medico legal importance of AGE n n

IDENTIFICATION

Medico legal importance of AGE n n n n n Criminal responsibility Judicial punishment Kidnapping Rape Marriage Attainment of majority Employment Impotence & sterility Criminal abortion Infanticide

Judicial punishment Juvenile offender. BELOW 18 yrs Juvenile court Rehabilitation school

Criminal responsibility n Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal responsibility n Sec 83 IPC- child 7 -12 yrs, liable for punishment n Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not liable for punishment

Consent n n Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may occur from an act done in good faith & for his/ her benefit. Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid consent( implied or expressed) to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E. g. wrestling contest

Kidnapping Sec 361 -366 IPC- offence of kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less than 16 yrs n Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs n Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than 18 yr girl for Prostitution n Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr girl for Prostitution n

Rape Sec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrs n Wife below 15 yrs n

Marriage Child Marriage Act Girl above 18 & boy above 21 n

Attainment of majority 18 yrs n Adult franchise n Driving license When guardian appointed by Court, person attains majority at age 21

Employment Child labour - below 15 yrs n Adolescent labour- 15 - 18 yrs n Adult labour- more than 18 yrs Indian Factory Act- child below 14 cannot be employed in hazardous jobs AMENDMENT: any child below the age of 14 yrs cannot work n

Infanticide Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr) CRIMINAL ABORTION n Viability- after 7 months n Gestational age of foetus important in case of criminal abortion in view of enhanced punishment n

Evidence in Court 118 of IEA - No minimum age Sterility & Impotence A boy is sterile before puberty , may not be impotent before puberty A girl is sterile before puberty & after menopause n

Tattoo Marks

Tattoo marks are designs made by multiple small puncture wounds made through the skin with needles or similar penetrating tools dipped in colouring agents ( dye ) Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to mark

n Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue , etc. n Optimum depth of penetration: superficial layers of dermis. n Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on type of dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body tattooed.

n Latent tattoo marks: Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining with magnifying glass in strong light n Natural disappearance of tattoo marks: n n n Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 years. Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent Artificial removal of tattoo marks: Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applying Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic substances

Forensic importance of tattoo marks n Identity: Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc. n Mental make up / desire: obscene figures n Drug addicts (concealing site) n Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)

SCARS

SCARS Acquired defect n Marker of identity n Result of repair mechanism n Covered by epithelium n Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glands & hair follicles n Gives info about nature of injury & causative agent n

Photo & Video Superimposition

Photo superimposition n n Photographs of the skull are taken. Transparencies of skull photograph & that of life-time photograph are focused on the same sensitive printing paper. After maximum alignment, a positive print will be taken. Attempt is made to study the matching / non-matching of major anatomical landmarks.

Video superimposition n 2 video images (one of photograph & other of skull) are mixed on one video display unit. Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph

Facial reconstruction using clay

n These methods use modeling clay or plasticine to build up the depth of tissue on the skull to that of a living individual. n Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth cannot be confidently predicted and are largely guesswork.

Tissue depth markers

Anatomical structures, which define the outer surface of the face are pasted onto the skull Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.

Adding clay using the tissue depth marker guidelines

Finishing touches are applied and tissue depth markers are covered

Painting, replacing polyfiber scalp hair & eyebrows

1. Which of the following is NOT a criterion used in Gustafson's method of assessing age from teeth a) Attrition b) Paradentosis c) Secondary dentine d) Primary dentine

2. According to Section 89 IPC, a child cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith, if he/she is below a) 10 years b) 14 years c) 12 years d) 16 years

3. According to Haase’s rule, the intrauterine age of a foetus (up to a crownheel length of 25 cm) can be determined by a) Calculating the square root of the crownheel length. b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5. c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5. d) Doubling the crown-heel length.

4. Beyond a crown-heel length of 25 cms, the age of foetus can be determined by a) Age = length/ 2 b) Age = (length)2 c) Age = length/ 5 d) Age = length x 5

5. The minimum age for criminal responsibility according to the Indian Railways Act is a) More than 5 years b) More than 7 years c) More than 12 years d) More than 14 years

6. A girl is sent to reformatory school on being convicted of a criminal offence, if her age is less than a) 15 years b) 16 years c) 17 years d) 18 years

7. All the following are important medicolegal points with reference to the age of 18 years EXCEPT a) Minimum age to enter government services b) Attainment of majority (both sexes) c) Minimum age of marriage (females) d) Minimum age for consenting to sexual act

8. The study of incremental lines in the enamel of tooth to assess the age of a person is known as a) Haase’s rule b) Morissons’s Method c) Boyde’s Method d) Mc. Naughten Rule

9. When a boy of 5 years kills an infant he can be awarded a) Death Sentence b) Life Imprisonment c) Solitary confinement d) None of them.

10. To become a competent witness, a person should attain the age of : a) 12 years b) 10 years c) 8 years d) 6 years e) None of them

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