Ice Cube Neutrino telescope cosmicray detector 125 m

Ice. Cube: Neutrino telescope & cosmic-ray detector 125 m 26 March 2008 Ice. Cube at U. Delaware • Cosmic-ray physics • Ice. Cube/Ice. Top • Future plans Tom Gaisser 1 Photo: James Roth 17 -12 -2007

Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 2

Energy spectrum of cosmic rays • 12 decades of energy • Two steady components DIRECT Air Showers Galactic – Extra-galactic • Sporadic effects of solar activity Extra-galactic – Solar cosmic rays (e. g. from flares) – Modulation of galactic component Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 Tevatron LHC 3 Range of Ice. Top/Ice. Cube

Solar flare of Dec 13, 2006 Galactic CR suppressed by solar activity Observation by PAMELA Satellite Experiment Solar energetic particles Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 4

Active Galactic Nuclei as cosmic accelerators? Auger Collaboration: 20 of 27 events with E > 57 Ee. V are within 3. 1 degrees of an AGN less than 75 Mpc away. Centaurus-A (4 Mpc, white dot) is especially prominent. ( 57 Ee. V = 0. 01 Joule ) ( 1 Mpc = 3 million light years ) • Could be from AGN or from other sources associated with concentrations of galaxies • Are they protons (as expected if they point to distant sources)? Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 5

Acceleration by supernova remnants: ‘standard model’ of galactic cosmic rays Particle with E 1 Unshocked ISM u 1 ~ 4/3 V Forward shock Supernova progenitor Contact discontinuity, V SN ejecta u 1 ~ 4/3 V E 2 = x E 1 TSN ~ 1000 yrs before slowdown Emax ~ Z x 100 Te. V Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 Shocked ISM SNR expands into ISM with velocity V~ 104 km/s. Drives forward shock at 4/3 V 6

Filamentary structure of X-ray emission of young SNRs: Evidence for amplification, B ~ 100 m. G Chandra SN 1006 Berezhko&Volk, OG 111 Chandra Cassiopeia A Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 7

Berezhko & Völk: global fit to data with Emax = Z x 3 x 1015 e. V 30 ar. Xiv 0704. 1715 • Acceleration, propagation – depend on B: rgyro = R/B – Rigidity, R = E/Ze – Ec(Z) ~ Z Rc • Slope change should occur within factor of 30 in energy • With characteristic pattern of increasing A Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 8

Berezhko & Völk • Model galactic component • Subtract from observed to get extragalactic Transition predicted: 1016. 5 to 1017. 5 e. V 30 Tom Gaisser ar. Xiv: 0704. 1715 v 1 [astro-ph] 26 March 2008 Heavies at end of galactic 9 Extra-galactic protons

Composition with air showers proton heavy nucleus • Proton penetrates deep in atmosphere – Shower max deeper – ( mu / e ) smaller – muons start deeper • Heavy nucleus cascade starts high – shower max higher up – ( mu / e ) larger – muons start higher Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 10

Composition with air shower experiments Sketch of ground array with fluorescence detector – Auger Project Telescope Array realize this concept Xmax m/e Ice. Top Ø 1000 Km 2 detectors: > Ee. V Deep Ice. Cube Km scale detectors: Pe. V to Ee. V Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 Ø Auger & Telescope Array Planning low energy extensions 11

Depth of maximum via air Cherenkov or fluorescence 1018 e. V proton Depth of Ice. Top Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 12

A coincident event E 0 ~ 30 Pe. V Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 13

IC 22 Events ( Red hits = early; yellow/green/blue = later ) Ice. Cube DOM locations blue, AMANDA OM locations red Downward cosmic-ray event (“muon bundle”) Upward candidate n event 14

Cosmic-ray physcis with Ice. Cube 5 x 10 17 e. V • Coincident events – Measure signal in Ice. Top – Compare to signal in deep ice – Infer primary composition • Goal: find transition: galactic / extra-galactic sources • Energy range: <1015 <1018 e. V • Calibration / partial veto for deep Ice. Cube Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 15

Ice. Top Nov 23, 2007 Photo: James Roth, Dec 8, 2007 Photo: Jim Haugen Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 16

Ice. Top tanks • 2 tanks per station • 1 tank hit muon, e or g • Both tanks hit air shower • 2 DOMs per tank • 1 HG, 1 LG for dynamic range Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 17

Muon telescope relates peak of calibration run to VEM All events Vertical muons (tagged with muon telescope ) Full Spectrum Muon Peak Yellow: Normal un-triggered calibration run Serap ~Jan 25, 2008 Blue: signals in coincidence with muon telescope Vertical Muon Peak ICRC Contribution of L. Demirörs Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 18

Ice. Top Detector Tank responds to Cherenkov light from charged particles in tank 0. 9 m Diffusely reflecting liner 2 m Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 19

Dec 13, 2006 GLE observed in Ice. Top monitoring stream Paul Evenson October 2007 20

Lateral distribution Ne fitted with NKG Energy deposition (VEM) --different shape Biggest energy deposition is from converting g with E>10 Me. V F. Kislat, S. Klepser, A. Van Overlooop icecube/200702001 Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 21

Spectrum Reconstructed assuming Fe Reconstructed assuming p Stefan Klepser preliminary Note: lightly shaded points are in threshold region where results of unfolding algorithm are not meaningful Reconstructed assuming mixed Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 22

Ice. Cube deployment 2005 -2011 AMANDA 78 77 76 75 2004 / 05 69 68 2006 / 07 62 61 60 53 52 45 50 49 48 47 44 59 58 57 56 55 54 Ice. Cube string and Ice. Top station deployed 12/05 – 01/06 67 66 65 64 63 2005 / 06 74 73 72 71 70 Ice. Cube string and Ice. Top station deployed 01/05 46 39 38 2007 / 08 40 30 29 Ice. Top station only 2006 Ice. Cube string and Ice. Top station deployed 12/06 – 01/07 Ice. Top station only in 06 / 07 Deployed in 07 / 08 21 Plan for 08/09 2560 DOMs deployed to date 3 more seasons planned Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 Crucial planning period during the next 4 – 6 months 23

Ice. Cube at UD Budget Mar 31, 2008 Ice. Top only support will require some increase as MRE ends Budget does not include support for extra analysis needed to exploit use of Ice. Top for solar/heliospheric physics Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 24

People • Ice. Cube/Ice. Top – Faculty • Gaisser, Evenson, Seckel, Stanev – Research scientists • X. Bai, S. Tilav, S. Stoyanov* – Post-docs * Leaving in PY 07 • T. Waldenmaier, P. Niessen*, S. Hussain* – Grad Students • C. Xu, B. Ruzybaev • Solar / heliospheric group: • J. Bieber, P. Evenson, J. Clem, T. Kuwabara Tom Gaisser 26 March 2008 25