Ice Cube is the worlds largest neutrino telescope

Ice. Cube is the world’s largest neutrino telescope, Henrik Johansson under construction at the South Pole

Ice. Cube – the collaboration BELGIUM GREAT BRITAIN Université Libre Imperial College Université de Mons-Hainaut Oxford University of Gent Vrije Universiteit Brussel USA GERMANY Amundsen-Scott station DESY Zeuthen Humboldt U. Berlin MPI Heidelberg RWTH Aachen U. Dortmund U. Mainz Clark Atlanta University IAS Princeton LBNL - Berkeley Penn State University Southern U. and A&M U. Alaska Anchorage U. Wuppertal UC Berkeley JAPAN U. Delaware (Bartol) Chiba University U. Kansas NEW ZEALAND University of Canterbury UC Irvine U. Maryland U. Wisconsin Madison U. Wisconsin River Falls SWEDEN Stockholm University Uppsala University 09 September 2021 Steven Nelson, "ice cube" Henrik Johansson HOLLAND Utrecht University 2

The Swedish members STOCKHOLM UPPSALA Christian Bohm (hardware) Thomas Burgess (WIMPs) Per-Olof Hulth (WIMPs) Klas Hultqvist (simulation) Henrik Johansson (UHE) Lars Thollander (hardware) Christian Walck (WIMPs) Christin Wiedemann (UHE) Gustav Wikström (WIMPs) Olga Botner (WIMPs) Olle Engdegård (WIMPs) Allan Hallgren (UHE) Carlos de los Heros (exotics) Johan Lundberg (UHE) Olivo Martino (GRBs) Arvid Pohl (exotics) Henrik Johansson

Overview Neutrino sources • Detection principle • Detector overview • Reconstruction • Current status • Future extensions • Henrik Johansson

Neutrino sources Super. Nova Remnants Topological defects Atmospheric neutrinos Supernovae Me. V Ge. V Dark matter Gamma Ray Bursts GZK-neutrinos Pe. V Te. V Ee. V Black holes Cosmic rays Active galactic nuclei Henrik Johansson (Exotics: magnetic monopoles, q-balls. . . )

Detection principle Henrik Johansson Neutrino interactions

Detection principle Cherenkov radiation Henrik Johansson

Detector overview In-ice detector consists of digital optical modules (DOMs) installed on strings at depths of 1450 m to 2450 m. Henrik Johansson

Digital Optical Module § 25 cm PMT § Self-contained, reconfigurable digital DAQ system § Timing resolution < 2 ns § Robust, low failure rate (1 %) § About 18 % of DOMs are assembled and tested in Stockholm and Uppsala Henrik Johansson

Reconstruction § Each DOM registers time and number of photoelectrons – enables reconstruction of direction and energy § Angular resolution of muon track > 1 Te. V ~ 1. 5 deg § Detection threshold O(10 Ge. V) Henrik Johansson

Reconstruction E = 6000 Te. V E = 375 Te. V - e e + N e- +X Signatures: track, cascade, double bang Henrik Johansson + N - +X

Current status 2006 - 2007: 13 strings deployed § 2007 Total: 22 strings, 26 Ice. Top stations § Average drilling time ~34 hours, installation of string ~12 hours § Expect to install up to 18 strings next season § 1 Swedish winter-over, 5 Swedish drillers § Finished by 2011 with 80 strings, 1 km 3 10 Ice. Top stations 2005 - 2006: 8 strings 12 Ice. Top stations 2004 - 2005 : 1 string 4 Ice. Top stations AMANDA 19 strings 677 modules Henrik Johansson

Point sources 1 st Ice. Cube data sky map Maximum deviation is 3. 35 sigma: consistent with random fluctuations 137 d IC 9 Averaged Sensitivity: 12 x 10 -8 (E/Ge. V)-2 Ge. V-1 cm-2 s-1 1001 d AMANDA-II Averaged Sensitivity: 5 x 10 -8 (E/Ge. V)-2 Ge. V-1 cm-2 s-1 Henrik Johansson

WIMPs Earth WIMPs Solar WIMPs Henrik Johansson

Future extensions The Ice. Cube Low Energy Core Project: Deep Core Henrik Johansson

Future extensions South Pole Acoustic Test Setup Possible hybrid array AURA Digital Radio Module 9/9/2021 Henrik Johansson 16

Summary • AMANDA has delivered results for 7 years and will continue as part of Ice. Cube (low energy) • More than a quarter of Ice. Cube has been deployed (IC 22) • First physics analyses have been performed using data from the Ice. Cube 9 string array • Many exiting physics searches possible thanks to the multi-purpose nature of the detector • 1 cubic kilometer (80 strings) will be instrumented by 2011 • Efforts are underway to extend the detector in both the low energy and UHE domains Henrik Johansson

http: //www. icecube. wisc. edu 9/9/2021 Henrik Johansson 18

Extra slides 9/9/2021 Henrik Johansson 19

Reconstruction Neutrino flavor Full flavor ID supernovae Ice. Cube flavor ID, direction, energy e e Showers vs tracks Ice. Cube triggered, partial reconstruction 6 9 12 Te. V 15 Pe. V 18 Log(ENERGY/e. V) Henrik Johansson 21

Ice. Top Henrik Johansson

Atmospheric neutrinos Henrik Johansson

Magnetic monopoles Henrik Johansson

Summary • AMANDA has delivered results for 7 years. It will continue as part of Ice. Cube (low energy) • More than a quarter of Ice. Cube has been deployed (IC 22) • First physics analyses have been performed using data from the Ice. Cube 9 string array • Many exiting physics searches possible thanks to the multi-purpose nature of the detector • 1 cubic kilometer (80 strings) will be instrumented by 2011 • Efforts are underway to extend the detector in both the low energy and UHE domains 9/9/2021 Henrik Johansson 24