IB Psychology Revision Course Easter 2018 Programme O

IB Psychology Revision Course Easter 2018

Programme O 9. 45 -11. 15: SCLOA - SAQs O 11. 30 -1. 00: SCLOA – Essay writing O 1. 00 -2. 00: Lunch O 2. 00 -3. 00: CLOA – SAQs O 3. 00 -4. 00: CLOA - Essay writing

How are you feeling?

Paper 1: Section A: Dos and Don’t’s O Do: Answer all of the 8 mark questions; one of O O each BLOA, CLOA, SCLOA Do: Write enough! 1 -1. 5 pages long, depending on handwriting; around 300 -400 words. Do: Read the question carefully; note the command term Do: Begin with a direct response to the question Do: if asked to describe one evolutionary argument for one behaviour, start with “Evolution may be used to explain why we are attractive to some people and not to others. ”

More top tips for SAQs O Do: Define terms that are required to answer your question, outline theories. O Do: Provide ONE piece of research unless specifically asked for two. O Do: Use the researchers’ names O Do: Always outline the aim, procedure and results of the study

More dos! O Do: Directly link the study to the question O Do: Always consider your closing sentence carefully O Do: When finished, read the question again and ensure that your last sentence links back to the question O Do: Show the examiner you really have addressed exactly what the question was asking for.

Don’ts O Don’t : NO introduction; not an essay. O Don’t: Rush. You have 20 minutes to write a response. You should use the full amount of time to write your SAQ. O Don’t : If the question asks for one example of research or a theory, NEVER write more than one – even in an introduction. You are ALWAYS marked on your first example. Many students worldwide lose a lot of credit for not following this simple direction. O Don’t: Worry about dates of the research.

Principles of the SCLOA O What are principles: fundamental guiding beliefs, expectations or assumptions O Can only be asked as an SAQ O Outline, describe, explain O Likely to be with reference to one research study O Likely to be one but could be two O Seen a few times before but only once in TZ 2 so a possibility: O Nov 2015, May 2012 (TZ 2), May 2014 (TZ 1)

Principles of the SCLOA November (2015): Outline how one principle that defines the sociocultural level of analysis has been demonstrated in one example of research (theory or study). [8]

What do we need here? O a brief account of an appropriate principle O showing how this principle is clearly demonstrated in a study or theory relevant to the sociocultural level of analysis

Principles of the SCLOA Humans are S………………. A………………and driven by the innate need to “B…………. ”

Tell me more about this principle O Evolution/evolved O Natural selection O Hunter-Gathers O Co-operation O Group O Survival value O Conflict O Disruptive O Acceptance/rejection O Isolation

What studies can you link this to? O Sherif “Robbers Cave” O Tajfel et al “Minimal Groups” O Asch “The Lines Task” O Abrams “Conformity and Ingroup” You must make sure you can make clear links to the principle and the description you have provided. Do any of these studies work better than the others?

6 s/7 s

How do we know the Pps behaviour was due to the innate need to belong? Can you think of a study where there is no ambiguity about the fact that the behaviour was clearly due to the need to belong?

Planning your answer State the principle very clearly in the opening sentence 2. Describe the principle in some detail 3. Outline a study which clearly demonstrates elements of your chosen principle and it’s description (brief APFC) 4. Make relatively detailed and explicit links between elements of the study and the chosen principle 1.

Let’s look at an example…

John’s website O See annotated version on website; SCLOA writing samples SAQ Principles

Over to you… Socialisation and cultural norms can be important in determining how a person behaves in a situation What do you need to do first? 2. What happens next? 3. Now? 4. And finally? 1.

Planning your answer O Define what is meant by culture and cultural norms O How and why do they affect behaviour? O Could you bring in cultural dimensions? O Which dimensions might you bring in? O Which study might you choose to illustrate this principle? O Why is the best choice which bit clearly demonstrate the impact of culture on behaviour?

Research Methods Explain why one particular research method has been used at the sociocultural level of analysis. [8 marks]

SAQs SCLOA Methods O This has never come up as an SAQ in TZ 2 O Only time it has ever come up as SAQ was May 2012 (TZ 1)

Break it down… O Explain why one particular research method has been used at the sociocultural level of analysis. [8 marks] O What does “explain” mean? O a detailed account of the reasons for the selected research method used at the sociocultural level of analysis.

What counts as a research method O Experiment O Correlation O Case Study O Observation O Interview

What are the keys in this type of question? O You MUST make clear and explicit links to the SCLOA; think about the principles of the SCLOA and why this particular method is relevant to exploring these issues…. (otherwise they will cap you at 3/8) O Choose a method that you are capable of describing in detail; chances are you are going to do EXPERIMENT!!

What are the key features of an experiment? O Hypothesis testing O Isolation, manipulation of the IV; Measurement of O O O O DV Seeking causal relationship between IV and DV; any changes in DV between groups/conditions must be due to IV Requires control of all other variables that might affect DV, e. g. keeping them constant Standardised procedure, all Pps have same exact experience except for manipulation of IV Experimental design, Pp variables and order effects Operationalisation of variables Replicability Use of quantitative data

What is the best SCLOA experiment to choose and why? O You need to pick an experiment which covers as many HOW features as you can O and also one which you can explain WHY SLCOA psychologists have preferred this method O CLUE: Think about experiments that use groups either real or constructed for the purposes of the study?

Activity time O Look at your revise Paper 1 activity sheet O Which experiment will you choose? ?

Second method… O You might need two methods for SCLOA esp. if its an essay you will have to have 2 at least O I would choose interviews and in particular focus group and use Caroline Howarth’s Identity in whose Eyes as your example O This is also great for ethics too.

Ethics and the SCLOA O This had never come up in TZ 2 since Nov 2012 and had never come up as an SAQ O It came up in November 2017! O But you never know it could happen again! Or they might go for an essay? O Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis (22) O Discuss: offer a considered and balanced review of ethical considerations related to specific research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis.

Planning your answer O How many and which ethical considerations are you going to choose? O How many and which studies will you choose? O Studies may demonstrate good/poor ethical awareness

Ethical considerations O deception O protection from physical or mental harm O debriefing O right to withdraw from a study O informed consent (other types of consent) O anonymity/confidentiality (storage of data) O termination of a trial/study

Discussion Pointers O why deception is used O the difficulties of ensuring confidentiality in social psychology research O the role of informed consent when studying groups O decisions as to why certain ethical guidelines were/were not followed O changes over time in adherence to ethical standards/guidelines (Burger, 2009)

Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour. O This has still NEVER come up in TZ 2 O Twice in TZ 1 in May; 2016, 2013 O “describe”: give a detailed account of how situational and dispositional factors may explain human behaviour

When it did come up in TZ 1 O A description of the role of both factors is O O required but does not have to be evenly balanced to gain high marks both situational and dispositional factors need to be clearly linked to a study for the award of high marks Dispositional factors: internal factors, e. g. personality, intelligence and attitude Situational factors: external factors, e. g. group pressure, social norms, weather and culture Most sensible research topic to use in your answer: Obedience and link it to Milgram and Alan Elms’ investigation into Fscale and Authoritarian personality, also Burger and empathic concern and desire for personal control

Burger (2009) O This study can be used for … O Principles: Behaviour changes in the presence of others, (experimenter absent condition) O Methods: Experiment (there are 2 IVs) O Ethics: Many alternations made to made original Milgram more ethical

Discuss two errors of attribution O Came up as predicted in May 2016 (TZ 2) O unsurprising as it had not been seen in TZ 2 before…and not in TZ 1 for several years… O It has STILL never come up as an SAQ in TZ 2, only been seen once as SAQ in TZ and that was YEARS AGO May 2011! O Practise this as SAQ please!!!

Describe one error of attribution with reference to one research study (8) O Describe the error (which one will you choose? ) O Command term describe requires more detail than outline so choose the error where you have the most to say about it. O Describe the study (APFC) (which study do you know best? ) O Show the study clearly demonstrates the error (think how do features of the error match with features of the participants behaviour in the study? )

Outline two errors in attribution. [8 marks] May 2011 O “outline”: give a brief account or summary of two errors in attribution O fundamental attribution error O self-serving bias O Take a look at John’s sheet for the Ross study on FAE O Create your own questions to answer on a study of your choosing relating to SSB

Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies. O Last year we planned the essay as I had predicted it would come up, it did ; ) O It hadn’t come up as ERQ since May 2013 (TZ 2) O May 2017: Evaluate SIT; one student writes near perfect replica of class essay - scores 19/22 but 5/22 on results day – take heed) O Came up as SAQ in May 2015

Describe social identity theory, with reference to relevant studies. O What are your key words? O Which study will help you to BEST exemplify these concepts?

Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour O Has come up three times (always in TZ 2) most recently in May 2016 as ‘formation’ O Might come up as ‘effect on behaviour’ – not seen since 2014 O Plan both but be sure to practise this: ‘Describe one effect of stereotypes on behaviour with reference to one research study’

Describe one effect of stereotypes on behaviour with reference to one research study (8) O In this answer I am going to look at ‘stereotype threat’, which refers to a decrease in a person's performance, as a consequence of conforming to a stereotype which the person’s believes is held about the group to which they see themselves as belonging. O Outline what is meant by the terms stereotype and stereotyping. O Give an example of a stereotype which could lead to stereotype threat O Describe the APFC of a study and be sure to emphasise the way in which is exemplifies the effect of stereotypes on behaviour.

John’s website O Has an example of formation SAQ but it uses examples we didn’t cover, we did shared distinctiveness account and illusory correlation which we exemplified with Hamilton and Gifford

Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies O Came up in Nov 2016 - seems quite unlikely O Also works well for experiments and ethics so learn the studies regardless? O e. g. O Bandura Ross and Ross (1961) (Lab experiment) O Charlton et al (2000) St Helena Island (natural experiment)

Discuss the use of compliance techniques O Not been up as an SAQ since Nov 2013 ( not our time zone) and NEVER other than that O Practise this: O Explain the use of ONE compliance technique (with reference to one research study) O Think what does this question REQUIRE?

Command term ‘Explain’ O The IB says: Give a detailed account including reasons or causes. O Miss Wood says; O Think: not just WHAT? but HOW? and WHY? O Think: exemplification and justification

Which compliance technique? O Choose a technique which you can… O a. explain the mechanism/theory behind WHY it works O b. give a detailed account of a relevant study which can be neatly linked to the technique

I would choose… O Foot-in-the-door; O It can explain it with reference to … O cognitive dissonance O self perception theory O The relevant study that you know the most about is Fraser and Freedman (1966) and the Californian housewives and their soap powder study

Evaluate research on conformity to group norms O Last year I said I could see this coming up. . O not been seen as an ERQ since Nov 2014 O had never been an SAQ O eventually came up as ERQ in Nov 2017 O STILL never come up as an SAQ but feels unlikely due to ERQ in Nov 17.

Possible SAQs O LO: Evaluate research on conformity to group norms O Outline one study of conformity to group norms O Explain conformity to group norms with reference to one research study O Explain one principle that defines the SCLOA with reference to one research study O Methods and ethics also work well with this so consider it with great care….

Discuss factors influencing conformity O Unbelievably this has STILL never been up as an SAQ so practice, practice: O Describe one factor that influences conformity O Explain one factor that influences conformity O When it last came up as an essay it was on TZ 1, (May 2016) O Last seen in TZ 2 May 2014 so quite possible this year ! O GREAT Essay and SAQ; get practising

Which factor and study? O Culture and Berry? O Mori and Arai works well with the interaction of culture and gender O Williams and Sogon works will with acquaintance/stranger status and culture O Both studies are about Japan O You could also bring in ‘shin jin rui’ here to really show off!

Define the terms “culture” and “cultural norms” O Still NEVER been assessed in any form!! O Take from this what you will but be prepared!!

Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour O Not seen as an SAQ since May 2013 O Describe one cultural dimension of human behaviour. [8 marks]

May 2013 Mark Scheme O “describe” requires candidates to give a detailed account of a specific cultural dimension of human behaviour. O Cultural dimensions may include, but are not limited to: O individualism versus collectivism O power distance O long-term versus short-term orientation (Confucian dynamism) O masculinity versus femininity O monochronous versus polychronous time orientation O uncertainty avoidance.

O Strong responses: well developed description of the core traits that define the cultural dimension e. g. individualistic societies focus on uniqueness, achievement and freedom, whereas collectivistic societies focus on family, relationships and a common fate or heritage (Oyerman, 2002). O Candidates may, but are not required to, describe how the cultural dimension affects behaviour. O If a candidate identifies an appropriate dimension, but then simply describes a study of that cultural dimension, apply the markbands up to a maximum of [4 marks]. O If a candidate describes more than one cultural dimension, credit should be given only to the first description.

What would you do? O Confucian Dynamism and Chen et al? O Ind/Coll and Berry? O Ind/Coll and Petrova? Maybe save for an essay? O If an ERQ asks for one dimension do IND/COLL as there are more studies to include. O Take a look at the pupil sample work on inthinking website, mark these using the mark bands.

Using one or more examples, explain “emic” and “etic” concepts O Last year I said this was very likely to come up (it had only ever come up once in Nov 2012) O I was right it did…’Describe the etic concept making reference to one example’ O Nov 2012 was distinguish between; this requites a drawing out of the differences… O There is a predicted full marks writing sample on john website.

Etic and Emic O Unlikely to come up given last years question but… O Can you compare and contrast, e. g. search for similarities and differences? O What are the similarities between etic and emic research? ? ? O What would you do for an example of emic research from SCLOA?

How to write a cracking IB essay O Decode each question carefully O Compare the questions and choose one O Create an outline plan; make a grid and consider timings, O Plan your paragraphs each with a clear topic sentence to introduce them O Every essay needs a short introduction O Main body of the argument (for and against) O A carefully thought out conclusion

O Decode the question: Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence. Deception, protection from undue risk and physical or mental harm, debriefing, right to withdraw from a study, informed consent (other types of consent), anonymity/confidentiality (storage of data), termination of a trial/study Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis Burger, Bargh, Asch, Power of the situation over personality, Need to belong, importance of identity and group membership, culture affects behaviour Berry, Bolton, Sherif, Bandura, Tajfel, Charlton, Freedman, Chen

Planning your essay O Work out what the whole essay should ‘look like’ and plan our time in a grid, e. g. AO 1 AO 3 FAE Max 10 mins SSB Max 10 mins O This should also allow sufficient time for your intro and conclusion

ATCHOO(BC) O Accurate and thorough AO 1 O Logical Chains of Reasoning (PET) O Competing arguments (on the one hand, on the other hand, that said, however) O Balanced, effective, nuanced conclusion

One idea per paragraph O The first sentence of every paragraph (the topic O O sentence) should give the perfect essay outline (without the detail), e. g. Paragraph 1: Ross et al found that the Fundamental Attribution Error occurs even when the participants are clearly aware of the situational variables. Paragraph 2: There are several factors that seem to determine whether we make the FAE. Paragraph 3: The Self-Serving Bias appears to play an important role in helping us to maintain a sense of selfesteem. Paragraph 4: Like the FAE, the SSB does not appear to be as common in collectivistic cultures.

Think about each paragraph carefully: PEEL O Point: What is the main idea of this paragraph? What point are you trying to make? O Evidence: What is the study or theory that is being used to support this point? Is it significantly different from the last evidence that you provided? O Explanation: Analyse and evaluate your evidence. How does this support your point? What are the questions or issues that remain? O Link: Link the argument back to the question or the position of the essay.

Example from Attributional Errors Essay O Ross et al found that the Fundamental Attribution Error occurs even when the participants are clearly aware of the situational variables. In their classic study, a group of students were randomly allocated to three different positions to take part in a game show: the host, a contestant or a member of the audience. The hosts were asked to write their own questions. So, the host had a clear situational advantage – he was able to write his own questions based on his own knowledge. After the game show finished, all participants were asked to rank the intelligence of the host and the contestants. In spite of knowing that the host had randomly been chosen and had written his own questions, the participants generally ranked him as the most intelligent. This is a clear example of FAE – they ignored the situational factors and attributed his behaviour to dispositional factors.

Examine the use of one or more compliance techniques Techniques AO 1: Topic sentences AO 3: Topic sentences Think: What does ‘examine’ mean before you start thinking bout your topic sentences (May 29015 TZ 2)

What to put in the introduction O Do not: state lots of different things you know O O O and then say what you intend to write about; its irrelevant and wastes time Do not write about the principles of the LOA Do not explain the command term Do: State the position with regards to the question. Do: Outline how the question will be answered. Do: Define any important terms.

John Crane says Introductions? ‘SOD’ it! O Discuss two errors in attribution. O Attribution is the way that we make sense of the world around us. Psychologists argue that we are “naïve scientists”, trying to determine why people behave the way that they do. We want to understand the cause of their behaviour. In order to do this we examine both dispositional factors – that is, factors related to an individuals’ character – and situation or environmental factors. Because we often make these decisions based on minimal information, we often make errors. These errors include the Fundamental Attribution Error and the Self. Serving Bias. The Fundamental Attribution Error happens when we attribute behaviour to dispositional factors and ignore situation factors; SSB is when attribute our successes to dispositional factors and our failures to situation factors. These attributions are not universal.

Discuss two or more factors affecting conformity O Last seen May 2014 (TZ 2) O What would you put into your introduction? O What are your buzz words? O What factors will you select? O Culture/gender, minority influence, group size, unanimity, self-esteem O What are your studies? O Asch, Bond and Smith, Mori and Aria, Williams and Sogon, Crutchfield, Perrin and Spencer, Berry, etc. O What does “discuss” mean?

Chains of reasoning O P: One strength of social identity theory is that it is supported by research evidence from… O E: Who found that…. O T: This is important because it clearly shows that…

The Sandwich model P: One strength of social identity theory is that it is supported by research evidence from… E: Who found that…. T: This is important because it clearly shows that…

Where does my AO 3 come from? O Theories: O Evidence (focus on findings) O Applications O Alternatives (make compatrsons and weigh up which is better) O Studies/evidence: GRAVE O Don’t do a full GRAVE; only do what is relevant based on the procedural details that you are aware of; avoid generic GRAVE O MAGEC: O Methods, Alternative, /Applications Gender, Ethics, Culture

This said… Inject your essay with some super competing arguments

On the one hand, on the other hand

Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour O Create chains of reasoning and competing arguments based on. . O the role of individualism–collectivism (I–C) O conformity (Berry et al. , 1967) O self-serving bias/modesty bias (Kashima and Triandis, 1986) O compliance (Petrova et al, 2007) O long-term orientation O online shopping (Chen et al. , 2005) O See Nov 2015

Balanced, effective and nuanced conclusions

Conclusions O 2 -3 sentences O Summarising the O O argument Suggesting implications and applications No new evidence Like a judge summing up What can we take from this?

Cognitive LOA

Principles: CLOA O Mental representations guide behaviour O Mental processes can be scientifically O O investigated Make sure you can give sufficient detail to explain the principle What research study or theory would you choose here? Quite unlikely: Came up in Nov 2017; 5 times in total! They do seem to love this question; goodness know why! Example 6/8 on JCs website.

Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the cognitive level of analysis O Discuss? O HOW: features O WHY: advantages O Method. S: O CLOA? O Example studies?

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis

Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies O Came up Nov 2017 ERQ and SAQ in May 2016 O Describe one research study which has investigated schema theory O Outline schema theory with reference to one research study

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies O ERQ: Not see for a while in TZ 2: Last seen May 2014, and once before that, one other time in TZ 1 O STILL NEVER SEEN AS AN SAQ!! O You must practise this properly!! O Be prepared for an annoying command term e. g. compare/contrast O Compare and contrast example on JC writing samples 15/22 how would you improve on this?

Evaluation of models can include… O methodological considerations O cultural and gender considerations O the accuracy and clarity of the concepts O contrary findings or explanations O the productivity of theory in generating psychological research O the applications of the empirical findings.

Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process O SAQ only O Which bio factors (s) will you choose? O Which study will you choose? O Can you choose a study which kills off methods and ethics as well? O You need sufficient detail on APFC and clear link to the factor O As its explain focus on HOW and WHY the factor brings about its effect.

Bio factors and memory O Stress hormones and amygdala O FMB; stress at times of encoding increases vividness and confidence - Sharot and Phelps also accuracy, Mc. Gaugh and Cahill O Also great in discuss methods/ethics essay. O Also Newcomber: stress impairs memory O See detailed Power. Point and handout

Discuss how social or cultural factors affect one cognitive process O SAQ not come up in TZ 2 before O Describe how one social or cultural factor affects one cognitive process with refer ne to one research study. O Also never come up as an essay in TZ 2!! O Practise, practise!

With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is one cognitive process reliable O Not come up as an ERQ since May 2011!! O Came up as SAQ in May 2017 O This could be on its way as ERQ and SAQ unlikely O O BUT it is the last sitting…. Practise! As ERQ maybe if you liked this topic Explain the reliability of one cognitive process with reference to one relevant study. [8] (Nov 2013) Describe one study investigating the reliability of one cognitive process. [8] To what extent is one cognitive process reliable?

TWE as a command term O requires a consideration of the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept; O opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported with appropriate evidence and sound argument.

Reliability of memory? O Reconstructive memory theory, schema, confabulation, distortion, assimilation/accomodation O Memory is not reliable; vulnerable to post event information, without necessary cues it becomes vulnerable to reconstruction O Loftus and Palmer (1974) O Memory is reliable; Yuille and Cutshall; use bio factors and emption stuff to explain the mechanisms

Discuss the use of technology in investigating cognitive processes O Never come up as an SAQ O Describe one study that uses technology to investigate one cognitive processes (8) O Describe the use of technology in investigating one cognitive processes (8) O I think maybe this has never some up as an SAQ as it is hard to make into a question due to the grammar O Maybe it will not come up but be prepared

What would you do? O f. MRI scanning O Sharot and Phelps O Flashbulb memory

To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion O Never seen as an SAQ O Please practise: Explain one example of how cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion. O Use Schacter and Singer; original paper now on my website with powerpoint

Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process O Flashbulb memory O Could well be an SAQ as only come up once in 2011 O Outline one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process. (8) O What study would you use?