IAL IAS Unit 1 Option 1 C Germany

IAL / IAS - Unit 1: Option 1 C - Germany, 1918 - 45 DATE: September 25, 2016 TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. WEB RESOURCE: Germany and the Outbreak of WWI Reconsidered Michael Epkenhans spoke about reconsidering the role of Germany in the outbreak of World War I. 57 min 41 sec https: //www. c-span. org/video/? 320608 -2/germany-outbreak-wwi-reconsidered

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. RESEARCH: 1. Germany was harshly punished for its role in WWI. Clause 231 (War Guilt) from the Treaty of Versailles lays the full blame of the war on Germany. To understand Weimar Germany we must have insight into Germany from 1912 - 1918. Read through pages 26 - 45. Make a list of reasons and events that shed light on the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. Consider the following: a) Were the German offensive - instigators looking for annexation and expansion? b) Were the German defensive - fearful of encirclement? c) Had countries, ‘slithered’ into war (an inevitable ending to years to militarism, alliances and nationalism)?

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 1 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 1. Pre-WWI alliance system was formed, in part by: Revanche (revenge) - France was motivated by the loss of Alsace. Lorraine and the humiliation of 1870. Dreikaiserbund, (the League of Three Emperors)1881 - an attempt by von Bismarck to further isolate France by establishing a defensive alliance between Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany.

KD NOTES 2 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 2. Relationship between Britain and Germany - Kaiser’s views and actions antognised Britain. • Kaiser Wilhelm II (grandson of QV), he both loved and loathed Britain. • 1896 - antagonised British public - telegram to President Kruger of the South African Republic. • Flottenpolitik and Navy Laws (1898, 1900, 1906) were a direct challenge to British naval supremacy, and spark a naval race. • 1906 - British battleship HMS dreadnought (ten 12 inch guns). • German support for the Boers - 1899 -1902. • 1901 - possibility of an Anglo-German alliance, but Britain must commit to the Triple Alliance. • Britain ended its isolation formed alliances - Japan (1902), France (1904) and Russian (1907).

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 3 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 3. Limits to Germany’s Weltpolitik (world politics) • Did not achieve much in terms of new territory. • 1897 - German and China - lease for the port of Kiaochow. • 1898 - Germany brought Pacific islands of the Carolines and the Marianas from Spain. • 1899 - agreement with Britain - Germany takes some of eastern Samoan islands. • Constantinople to Baghdad railway - but not much territorial success.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 4 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 4. Competition for Morocco • Germany - economic interests in Tangier (NW Morocco). • French - discussed greater influence with Britain and Italy. • Germans - hoped to drive a wedge between Britain and France, but the opposite happened. • Friendship Treaty of Björkö - signed by the Kaiser and the Tsar in July 1905. BUT - Russian foreign office did not want the close friendship with France to be damaged. • Humiliation for the Germans - head of the Political Office at the Foreign Ministry, Friedrich von Holstein, was forced to resign. • Impact on Germany’s military and political leaders - only Austria-Hungary supported Germany.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 5 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 5. German reaction to Encirclement • The two Moroccan Crisis’ (1905 and 1911) impacted Germany’s military and political leaders - only Austria-Hungary supported Germany. • British HMS Dreadnought (1906) posed a real threat - many in Germany feared encirclement.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 6 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 6. German attempts to divide Britain and France: • Germany miscalculates rivalry between Britain, France and Russia - based on rivalries of Britain and France in Africa, and Britain and Russia in Asia. • 1907 - Britain and Russian entente.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 7 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 7. Naval Race - British see advantage to maintain superiority. • Naval Race - von Bülow and Bethmann-Hollweg tried to persuade the Kaiser to come to some agreement, BUT he would not comprise. • March 1909 - British budget to build nine dreadnoughts. • Haldane Mission - British Secretary of War, Richard Haldane traveled to Germany in February 1912 to discuss limiting the number of ships both sides could build. • Germany demands British neutrality in any future European land war. British refuse. • As a result - Kaiser and Tirpitz increased the size of the fleet. • March 1912 - the Germans published a new Naval Bill proposing further expansion.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 8 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 8. Events unfold in the Balkans - ‘Slavdom’ vs ‘Germandom’ • Through the alliance with the Habsburg Empire, Germany was drawn into the politics of the Balkans. • Ottoman influence in the Balkans was on the decline. • Russia and the Habsburg Empire stake claims. • Serbs assert national identity and independence. • Russian Pan-Slavism - was popular (Russian - Serbian alliance). • 1906 - Pig War - Austrians blocked the import of Serbian pigs • October 1908 - Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed. • The Bosnia Herzegovina crisis was that Russia had been damaged and Germany had been involved.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI.

Map of Europe during WWI

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 9 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 8. Events unfold in the Balkans - ‘Slavdom’ vs ‘Germandom’ • 1911 - Italy attacked the Ottomans in Libya. • Balkan League - of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, with the purpose of seizing territory from the collapsing Ottoman Empire. • October 1912 - Balkan League attacks Ottomans. • Austrians horrified by Serbs invasion of Albania. • November 1912 - Austria demanded the creation of an independent Albania - Serbs ignored the Austrians. • December 10, 1912 - Kaiser spoke to the Swiss Ambassador about how racial war and the war of ‘Slavdom’ against ‘Germandom’ was now unavoidable. • 1913 - Treaty of London - ended the First Balkans War.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 10 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 9. Blank Cheque • 1913 - German Army Bill - increased the army’s size by 170, 000 troops. • A brief Second Balkans War between the countries of the Balkans League saw Serbia emerge strengthened. • May 15, 1914 - Memo by Count von Waldersee, (Quartermaster-General in the German General Staff) - fears that Entente powers were also increasing the size of their armies and were catching up. • July 5, 1914 - Austrian diplomat Count Hoyos travelled to Berlin seeking Germany’s support for action against Serbia. The Kaiser and the German government including Chancellor Bethmann. Hollweg offered unconditional support in what became known as the ‘Blank Cheque’.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 11 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 10. Assessing Germany’s responsibility for WWI: • Treaty of Versailles (1919) placed all the blame for WWI on Germany (Clause 231). • Historiographical Revolution - Fritz Fischer, 1961: • His book Griff nach der Weltmacht (Germany’s Aims in the First World War) he drew the following conclusions: Ø Germany had gone to war to achieve European and worldwide domination - Weltmacht (world power). Ø It linked foreign and domestic policy by suggesting that the proposed annexations were seen as a means of maintaining domestic dominance.

KD NOTES 12 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 11. Purpose and intent of the Kaiser’s ‘War Council’ • Dec 8, 1912 - ‘War Council’ - meeting with the Kaiser and top military advisers (Kaiser, von Molkte, Admiral von Tirpitz and Admiral von Müller). • The Kaiser insisted - Austria-Hungary should be supported against Serbia. • If Russia decided to fight, Austria would be supported in by Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania, which would leave Germany free to deal with France on land Britain at sea. • von Molkte thought the war against Russia was inevitable and the sooner the better. • Tirpitz suggested that the navy needed another 12 to 18 months to prepare the fleet and for the Kiel Canal to have opened to allow large German naval vessels passage from the Baltic into the North Sea.

TOPIC: Extent of German Responsibility for WWI OBJECTIVES - Pages 26 - 45 (Unit 3 Book): c) Evaluate the role Germany played in the outbreak of WWI. KD NOTES 13 - Pages 26 - 45 Unit 3 Book: 12. Policies in Germany had been dominated by: • Primat der Aussenpolitik - dominance of foreign policy • Primat der Innenpolitik - the dominance of internal policy on foreign policy

IAL / IAS - Unit 1: Option 1 C - Germany, 1918 - 45 DATE: September 28, 2016 TOPIC: WWI and Germany OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. WEB RESOURCES: 1. Weimar Republic: What Impact Did WW 1 Have On Germany? 4 min 23 sec https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Kj. Zspjxp 538 2. Great War – The Political Impact of WWI http: //study. com/academy/lesson/economic-social-political-consequences-ofthe-great-war. html 3. Collapse – Weimar Republic http: //study. com/academy/lesson/the-weimar-republic-strengths-weaknessescollapse. html

TOPIC: WWI and Germany OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. RESEARCH: Germany signed a ceasefire on November 11, 1918 at 11: 00. Although they technically did not surrender, Germany was clearly defeated. Read through pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book). Discover the impact WWI had on Germany. Consider what they ‘expected’ and what reality they faced. Make sure to gauge the political, social, economic and military costs.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 1: 1. WWI was ultimately a catastrophe for Germany. • Lack of raw materials, labour shortage, hunger, huge casualties (low morale), strikes and political polarisation. 2. Reactions • Demonstrations against the war were held - 28 th and 29 th July in Berlin (100, 000 people). • Government presented it as - defensive campaign against Slav aggression - morally right. • Reichstag also passed an Enabling Act known as the Burgfreiden (concept of national unity based on shared suffering). • Reichstag delegated all of its legislative power to the Bundesrat, which was to rule the Home Front by emergency legislation (800 laws).

August 2, 1914 – The famous WWI photo showing a much younger Hitler celebrating WWI’s outbreak in Odeonsplatz, Munich, is most likely fake.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 2: 3. Military Industrial Complex • War Ministry took over the bureaucratic function of running the war. • Corporations were set up under the control of the War Materials Section of the War Ministry to ensure the supply of raw materials for the war effort. 4. Events of 1914 • Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes - victories that turned the two commanders (Hindenburg and Ludendorff) into heroes. • September - first Battle of the Marne (Germans within shelling distance of Paris). • Stalemate forming - trenches and 650, 000 German casualties on both fronts by the end of 1914.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 3: 5. German Options for 1915 - Where to Focus: • 1915 - New Chief Commander of the General Staff was Erich Von Falkenhayn. • Debate for Germans on where to focus - to win a decisive victory on Western Front or the Eastern Front. • Could not knock Russia out of the war. • Conclusions from 1915 - Falkenhayn’s key to German victory lay on the Western Front and in knocking the British out of the war with the use of an aggressive submarines campaign. Ø Lusitania, 1915

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 4: 6. Food and Shortages • Before the war, Germany was not self-sufficient in food; in 1914 it imported around 25% of what it consumed. • State's response was to assume control for the regulation and distribution of food. • January 1915 - Imperial Grain Corporation - set up by the Bundesrat to administer the rationing and distribution of grain. • 1916 - War Food Office - no powers. • 1915 - 9 million pigs. • Shortage of labour - conscription drained the countryside of up to a third of its labour force (50% of agricultural workforce had been called up to serve in the German armed forces). • Substitute/Ersatz goods - Ersatz coffee made from tree bark or Ersatz sausages, which contained no meat.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 5: 7. Limited Opposition • August 1914 - SPD and trade unions supported the war. • SPD deputy, Karl Liebknecht, voted against war credits. • Some radicals, including Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, argued that the only way to peace was through revolution. 8. 1916 - Attrition and De-facto Military Rule • Falkenhayn (Commander of the General Staff ) - concluded that the war could be won only thought attrition and endurance (Ermittlung). • February 1916 - Verdun - wearing down French - 700, 000 casualties from both sides lost for no gain. • May 1916 - war at sea - Jutland • Galicia - Russians launched successful attack against Austria known as the Brusilov Offensive.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 6: 9. Hindenburg Programme - TOTAL WAR • Appointment of Hindenburg as head of the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, or Supreme Army Command) and Ludendorff as Chief of Staff marked the beginnings of a defacto military dictatorship that was to last until the end of the war. • Ludendorff was now the most powerful man in Germany. • Some constraints - Kaiser still needed to be consulted, bureaucracy ran the war effort, and Reichstag still held budgetary control. • Hindenburg Programme - Total War - mobilisation of all resources within a nation, human and otherwise, for the war effort.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 7: 9. Hindenburg Programme - TOTAL WAR • All Germany’s resources were to be mobilised for the war effort, and all non-essential industries were to be shut down. • Dec 1916 - Auxiliary Labour Law - approved by Reichstag Ø compulsory for all German males between 17 and 60. Ø Form of forced labour • Auxiliary Labour Law failed to mobilise large numbers of extra men because they did not exist. • Hindenburg Programme placed an even greater strain on the already stretched supply of raw materials.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 8: 10. Shortages Hit Home • Shortages of fuel and raw materials were made worse by the desperately cold winter of 1916 -17. • The freezing of Germany’s rivers and railways in the winter of 1916 -17 made transportation problems worse. • Shortage of animal fats and coal meant a shortage of soap. • Clothing was in short supply. • Dimmed street lights, and cut back on trams. • Catastrophic potato harvest (54 million tons to 25. 1 million). • Psychological damage and considerable hunger. • Turnips became known as the Ersatz potato. • Polonaise - a slow dance that was associated with queuing by women for rationed food.

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 9: Resources of Allied and Central Powers 1917 Allies Central Powers Aeroplanes 3, 163 1, 500 Field Guns 19, 456 14, 730 Heavy Artillery 11, 476 9, 130 Machine Guns 6, 276 20, 042 17, 312, 000 10, 610, 000 Military Personnel (w/reserves)

OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 10: 11. 1917 - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - USA • January 1917 - Hindenburg and Ludendorff decided to use unrestricted submarine warfare vs Britain. • Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, among others, objected to it, with fears it would lead to American involvement. • British adopt convoy system. • April 1917 - USA declared war on Germany. • this was a very important event in the polarisation of German politics. The US was a democracy, and for those who believed in a greater democracy in Germany, the US was not a natural enemy. • 1914 -1918: 13. 2 million German men mobilised Ø 2, 050, 000 killed and 4, 150, 000 injured

TOPIC: WWI and Germany OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 11: 12. Costs and Options • Growing numbers, inside and outside the Reichstag, felt that it was time to negotiate a peace without victory rather than wait for a victorious peace. • In the debate on war credits in the Reichstag at the start of July 1917, the Centre Party and majority SPD tried to acquire money to the search of a peace without victory. • September 1917 - ‘The German Fatherland Party’ was founded and supported by Ludendorff, Tirpitz and other leading military figures. It promoted the cause of a victorious peace through the type of excessive annexation of territory. • Rival pressure group - Peace League for Freedom and Fatherland, which promoted the idea of a more moderate peace.

TOPIC: WWI and Germany OBJECTIVES - Pages 49 - 65 (Unit 3 Book): d) Describe the impact of WWI on Germany. KD NOTES 12: 13. Opposing Visions to end the War • September 1918 - surrender of Bulgaria shook Ludendorff. • September 29, 1918 - Ludendorff demanded the government entered into armistice talks with the Allies and U. S. • October 4 - Prince Max of Baden was chosen as Chancellor and immediately formed a coalition government, which included members of the Centre and Progressive parties and the socialist SPD. • Prince Max began the process of negotiations. • Prospect of defeat and peace sparked mutiny in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven (Oct 29) and Kiel (Nov 2). • Allies demanded abdication of the Kaiser. • Friedrich Ebert of the SPD became the Chancellor with a government consisting of the SPD and USPD. • November 11 - armistice signed at Compiègne, France.

HW REVIEW: PPQ# 7. What restrictions were placed on Germany’s armaments? (4) Army limited to 100, 000 Conscription banned Not allowed armoured vehicles and military aircraft forbidden Navy reduced to six small battleships, submarines were banned and only 15, 000 sailors allowed Rhineland was de-militarized A military alliance with Austria was FORBIDDEN (no Anschluss).