IAEA Workshop about Radioactivity in Scrap Metal Module

IAEA Workshop about Radioactivity in Scrap Metal Module 02 – THE SCRAP RECYCLING SECTOR IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

This presentation describes the metal recycling industry, how recycled metals are processed and how they move worldwide IAEA 2

A Very Old Industry • Metal has been recycled from the beginning of the iron age. IAEA 3

The metal recycling industry provides… • • 40% of world requirements of copper 33% of aluminium, 35% of lead and 30% of zinc Total steel production in 2014 reached 1. 6 billion tonnes, of which over 600 million tonnes were made from scrap metal IAEA 4

The inverted pyramid structure of the metals recovery and recycling sector Many suppliers Some Recyclers Few smelters IAEA 5

Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Scrap is Supplied to Customers World-wide By Ships By Trains By Truck By Hand By Vans By Donkey… IAEA 6

Metal is an internationally priced commodity Scrap prices in national recycling publications IAEA 7

LEGALLY DIFFERENTIATE Unprocessed scrap IAEA 8

LEGALLY DIFFERENTIATE Processed scrap IAEA 9

Many processes can be applied before melting Sorting IAEA 10

Many processes can be applied before melting Cutting IAEA 11

Many processes can be applied before melting Baling IAEA 12

Many processes can be applied before melting Shredding IAEA 13

Many processes can be applied before melting Shearing IAEA 14

Then what happens? • Scrap metals are used to augment new iron (made from iron ore) • See videos • The mixture is melted and treated to ensure a specific and low concentration of carbon • This is steel making • (Non-ferrous scrap is also recycled by melting and treatments to condition it, using different processes) IAEA 15

Steelmaking Processes The basic raw material for steel manufacture is either: • hot metal from the production of iron (made from iron ore) in a blast furnace, • steel scrap, or • a mixture of both. Steel can be described in general terms as iron with most of the carbon removed, to make it tougher and more ductile. IAEA 16

Basic oxygen steelmaking • There are many forms (grades) of steel, each with its own specific chemical composition and properties to meet the needs of the many different applications. • The “recipe” is changed to achieve different properties in the final product IAEA 17

Basic Oxygen Steelmaking There are two main processes for steel making: Basic oxygen steel making in a “converter”, and Electric arc furnace steel making IAEA 18

Basic Oxygen Steelmaking IAEA 19

Electric Arc Furnace IAEA 20

Video Steel manufacturing in Mexico https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 P 1 Ck 0 u. YOn. Q IAEA 21

The largest 12 steel producing countries (million tonnes) IAEA 22

Steelworks using ferrous scrap EU 27 121 7 2 18 1 1 Rest of EU & Russia 51 41 94 1253 1 2 9 1 1 1 9 1 63 1 1 3 2 20 12 1 19 13 56 2 8 1 6 1 5 2 2 37 6 56 Americas 102 4 1 7 1 1 2 Africa & Middle East 33 1 18 2 6 10 14 8 2 5 1 6 Asia 152 Australia & New Zealand 3 1 2 4 IAEA 6 2 1 23

Copper smelters and copper refineries using copper scrap 1 8 2 3 3 14 1 3 1 2 4 2 5 5 1 1 1 IAEA 24

Secondary aluminium smelters and refiners using aluminium scrap 1 14 28 68 1 327 9 2 61 1 1 4 4 9 14 3 7 5 20 11 13 1 9 67 2 4 5 3 1 3 23 3 10 5 2 8 5 26 1 44 10 1 1 1 38 513 1 9 4 4 5 2 8 6 4 23 26 2 1 35 185 4 4 1 1 8 1 70 126 71 67 1 19 12 39 30 48 1 1 2 2 4 24 IAEA 44 14 12

Steel Scrap: Net-Importers and Net-Exporters N e t- E x p o r t e r s N e t- I m p o r t e r s World Steel Scap Trade: Import-/ Export Balance (million t) 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 2002 Germany: Rising exports with effects on price levels Turkey: Rising import demand because of expansion of steelmaking capacities Turkey IAEA China: relatively low purchase because of low EAF-production; growing importance of imports China 2005 2010 Russia: Dropping netexports because of rising home requirements and export restrictions EU 28: Rising export surplus to worsen supply situation within the EU Russia EU 28 2013 p USA: Expansion of the position as leading netexporter India: EU 28 as largest supplier for the Indian steel scrap market India Germany USA Sources: official export statistics 26

Scrap moves from Europe IAEA 27

Scrap moves from USA IAEA 28

Scrap moves from Russia IAEA 29

Scrap moves from Canada IAEA 30

Scrap moves from Australia IAEA 31

Scrap moves from South Africa IAEA 32

Summary • • The metal recycling industry Ferrous and non-ferrous scrap Processed and unprocessed scrap Processes prior to melting Steelworks, smelters and refineries Net importers and net exporters Worldwide scrap metal movements IAEA 33