IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Radiological

IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Radiological Data for Exercises Module L-055 Lecture

Objectives • Know what radiological data is needed • Know how radiological data can be generated and the tools that can be used • Know the limitation of those tools • Understand the pros and cons of using real weather during an exercise L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 2

Why is Radiological Data Important? • Because radiological data drives the exercise L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 3

Type of Radiological Data • In-facility • Ambient radiation • Contamination • Air concentrations • Environmental • • Ambient radiation Contamination Air concentrations Isotopic data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 4

Type of Radiological Data (Cont’d) • At the off-site traffic control points • Ambient radiation • Contamination (vehicles and people) • At the reception centre or hospital • Contamination (vehicles and people) • Casualties • Contamination • Dosimeter readings L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 5

Producing Radiological Data (1) • In-facility data: • Simulator • Safety analysis • Shielding models L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 6

Producing Radiological Data (2) • Environmental data • Source term from safety analysis • Customize the release fractions, rate of release and release profile in time to fit the emergency scenario • Use dose projection software to generate doses vs. distance and time • Some software has time-dependent source terms, variable winds, and provides measurable quantities such as dose rates and airborne concentration at any given time • Most do not L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 7

Producing Radiological Data (3) • Environmental data (cont’d) • If the release profile is known, dose projections can be converted to dose rates, instantaneous airborne concentrations, ground shine and ground contamination • Dose rates and airborne concentrations can be converted to instrument readings • Using instrument specifications and sampling procedures as guides • Random elements introduced in the software L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 8

Producing Radiological Data (4) • People and vehicle contamination • Use arbitrary values • Requires some judgement • Contamination level depends on location and duration of stay or travel L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 9

Producing Radiological Data (5) • Dosimetry • Most difficult values to simulate • Depends on type location profile of each individual • Can be simulated to cause key events • e. g. Report of a dose greater than 5 m. Sv to force staff rotation • For free play, integrate based on dose rate data • If dose control is a major objective, have an individual or a team dedicated to the simulation of dose readings L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 10

How to Present Radiological Data (1) • In-station radiological data: • Colour-coded layout of the station • Discrete time intervals L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 11

How to Present Radiological Data (2) Secondary control equipment room SCINTREX tritium 200 m. Sv/h < DR 100 m. Sv/h < DR < 200 m. Sv/h 50 m. Sv/h < DR < 100 m. Sv/h 10 m. Sv/h < DR < 50 m. Sv/h 5 m. Sv/h < DR < 10 m. Sv/h Reactor building 1 m. Sv/h < DR < 5 m. Sv/h Cable access tunnel DR < 1 m. Sv/h Spent resin storage tanks Spent fuel bay Cooling and purification Personnel Deuteration and dedeuteration MM shop Active stores D 2 O Supply tanks Emergency core cooling pumps Liquid waste Zone 3 Airlock Moderator Shield purification cooling Dryers D 2 O Management L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 12

How to Present Radiological Data (3) • Environmental data • There are several ways. Two are presented as examples • Method 1: one map of relevant data for each time interval • Method 2: single map of integrated plume trajectory coupled with time-dependent tables • Colour codes can be used but may be difficult to reproduce L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 13

Map (1) L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 14

Table (2) Dose (micro Sv/h) vs time Reference 6: 30 6: 35 6: 40 6: 45 6: 50 6: 55 7: 00 7: 05 7: 10 7: 15 7: 20 7: 25 7: 30 Zone #1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 Zone #2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 Zone #3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 Pole #46 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #49 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #51 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #58 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #63 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #100 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 Pole #101 0. 2 0. 1 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 Pole #102 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #103 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 Pole #104 0. 2 0. 1 Pole #105 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 Pole #106 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 Pole #107 0. 1 0. 1 Pole #108 0. 1 0. 1 South Musquash 0. 1 0. 1 L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 15

Real-time software • Some programs allow real-time simulation of dose rate and contamination data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 16

How to Present Radiological Data (4) • Contamination data: • At fixed points: table of values vs. time • Large areas: maps or layouts for each major time interval • Persons and vehicles: pictures L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 17

Contamination Data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 18

Contamination Data (Cont’d) 20 - 25 cps 15 - 20 cps 10 - 15 cps 5 - 10 cps L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 19

Contamination Data (Cont’d) L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 20

How to Present Radiological Data (5) • Isotopic data: • Reverse-engineered to fit the dispersion and dose projection results • Provide isotopic concentration tables or spectrum L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 21

How To Read The Data • Provide the data when requested and when deserved • Avoid showing time dependent graphs all at once • If you make a mistake, admit it and provide the right number • All field controllers who are responsible for supplying radiological data must be well trained on how to provide that data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 22

Limitations of Tools • Not always realistic • Some judgment and interpretation by the controllers necessary • Difficult to account for wind variability • However, these limitations are not significant given that the aim is to exercise the relationship between surveys and decisionmaking L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 23

Real or Simulated Weather? • Simulated weather • Easier to produce the radiological data • Easier to control the exercise • Introduces artificiality • Real weather • Better test of the coordination between weather • • and survey teams More realistic Cannot pre-set the radiological survey injects Requires calculations “on the fly” Requires an extremely good coordination within the control team L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 24

Summary • Radiological data is the core of the exercise data • Several parameters required, although not all of them may be necessary for a single exercise • The development of radiological data requires extensive analysis work • The provision of radiological data requires experienced and trained controllers • Real weather is better than simulated, but much more difficult to manage L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises 25