I Phylogeny and Systematics A Cladistics Analysis of

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I. Phylogeny and Systematics A. Cladistics • Analysis of phylogenetic relationships based on shared

I. Phylogeny and Systematics A. Cladistics • Analysis of phylogenetic relationships based on shared characters • • Characters may be primitive or derived Clade = Group of species that includes ancestral species and all descendents Cladogram – Diagram that illustrates evolutionary relationships among clades Outgroup – Used to distinguish primitive from derived characters

I. Phylogeny and Systematics B. Relationships among Taxa • Taxa may be categorized according

I. Phylogeny and Systematics B. Relationships among Taxa • Taxa may be categorized according to how they reflect evolutionary relationships

Fig. 26. 10

Fig. 26. 10

I. Phylogeny and Systematics C. Traits in Classification • Establishing relationships among taxa requires

I. Phylogeny and Systematics C. Traits in Classification • Establishing relationships among taxa requires careful examination of characters Ancestral characters = plesiomorphies • • Shared ancestral characters (symplesiomorphies ) ( unite descendants of a single ancestor into a monophyletic clade Ex: Vertebral column in vertebrates Derived characters = apomorphies • • Shared derived characters = (synapomorphies ) unite ( derived clades and separate them from ancestral clades Ex: Amniote egg and feathers in reptiles/birds and birds

Fig. 26. 11

Fig. 26. 11

II. Ecology • • • “Ecology” from Greek “Oikos” (house) Interactions among groups of

II. Ecology • • • “Ecology” from Greek “Oikos” (house) Interactions among groups of organisms and between organisms and physical environment Includes abiotic and biotic components

Fig. 52. 17

Fig. 52. 17

• Physiological • Behavioral • Evolutionary Fig. 52. 2

• Physiological • Behavioral • Evolutionary Fig. 52. 2

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