I Nerve Organization A Nerve Net Limited synapses

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I. Nerve Organization A. Nerve Net – Limited synapses between neurons. B. Ganglia –

I. Nerve Organization A. Nerve Net – Limited synapses between neurons. B. Ganglia – Local cluster of nerves. C. Cephalization – Head formation and bilateral semetry allow for complex brain function.

optic lobe connected with visual stimuli ganglion (brainlike structure) rudimentary brain one of two

optic lobe connected with visual stimuli ganglion (brainlike structure) rudimentary brain one of two nerve cords brain nerve chord segmental ganglion FLATWORM brain one of two nerve cords EARTHWORM CRAYFISH GRASSHOPPER Fig. 35. 3, p. 589

II. Division of Nervous System A. Cell Types 1. Gray Matter – Neurons without

II. Division of Nervous System A. Cell Types 1. Gray Matter – Neurons without myelin sheath 2. White Matter – Neurons with fatty myelin sheath. 3. Neuroglia – Cells of nervous system other than neurons (Schwann cells).

II. Nervous System (con’t) B. Brain and Body 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and

II. Nervous System (con’t) B. Brain and Body 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord. Surrounded by membrane called meninges (blood/brain barrier). 2. Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve bundles extending beyond CNS.

BRAIN CRANIAL NERVES cervical nerves (eight pairs) SPINAL CORD thoracic nerves (twelve pairs) ulnar

BRAIN CRANIAL NERVES cervical nerves (eight pairs) SPINAL CORD thoracic nerves (twelve pairs) ulnar nerve sciatic nerve lumbar nerves (five pairs) sacral nerves (five pairs) coccygeal nerves (one pair) Fig. 35. 5, p. 591

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System 1. Somatic Nerves –

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System 1. Somatic Nerves – Skeletal muscles, voluntary actions, skin, limbs, etc. 2. Autonomic Nerves - Nonvoluntary actions; smooth and cardiac muscles; glands.

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. 2. Divisions of Autonomic Nerves a. Parasympathetic: Basic biological

II. Nervous System (con’t) C. 2. Divisions of Autonomic Nerves a. Parasympathetic: Basic biological functions; resting state. b. Sympathetic: Increased awareness and immediate energy; ‘nervousness. ’

Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous System

Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous System Autonamic Sympatheic Parasympathetic

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain spinal cord sensory nerves axons of motor nerves somatic subdivision

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain spinal cord sensory nerves axons of motor nerves somatic subdivision (motor functions) These nerves carry signals to and from skeletal muscles, tendons, and skin. autonomic subdivision (visceral functions) These nerves carry signals to and from internal organs (gut, heart, glands, etc. ). parasympathetic nerves PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig. 35. 6, p. 591

FOREBRAIN. Receives, integrates sensory information from nose, eyes, and ears; in land-dwelling vertebrates, contains

FOREBRAIN. Receives, integrates sensory information from nose, eyes, and ears; in land-dwelling vertebrates, contains the highest integrating centers MIDBRAIN. Coordinates reflex responses to sight, sounds HINDBRAIN. Reflex control of respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks; in complex vertebrates, coordination of sensory input, motor dexterity, and possibly mental dexterity (start of spinal cord) Fig. 35. 4 a, p. 590

III. Very Basic Divisions of Brain A. Hindbrain: Brain stem in humans. 1. Medulla

III. Very Basic Divisions of Brain A. Hindbrain: Brain stem in humans. 1. Medulla oblongata: respiration, circulation. 2. Cerebellum: Coordinates inputs; necessary for coordination and motor skills. 3. Pons: Bridge between hindbrain and midbrain.

hypothalamus pineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons

hypothalamus pineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons medulla oblongata Fig. 35. 12, p. 596

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) B. Midbrain: Greatly reduced in humans. Coordinates sight

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) B. Midbrain: Greatly reduced in humans. Coordinates sight and sound in many vertebrates.

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) C. Forebrain: Most recent evolutionary component of brain.

III. Basic Divisions of Brain (con’t) C. Forebrain: Most recent evolutionary component of brain. 1. Divided into two hemispheres 2. Cerebrum in mammals. 3. Thalamus: Relay or bridge to Cerebrum 4. Hypothalamus: Links brain with endocrine system; controls homeostatis.

IV. Details of Cerebrum A. Cerebral Cortex: Outer gray covering. Infolding increases surface area.

IV. Details of Cerebrum A. Cerebral Cortex: Outer gray covering. Infolding increases surface area. B. Frontal Lobe: Associated with ‘higher thinking’ C. Parietal Lobe: Motor and sensory nerves. D. Temporal Lobe: Speech and Auditory nerves. E. Occipital: Sight.

Fig. 35. 10, p. 595

Fig. 35. 10, p. 595

hypothalamus pineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons

hypothalamus pineal gland location corpus callosum part of an optic nerve midbrain cerebellum pons medulla oblongata Fig. 35. 12, p. 596

Motor cortex activity when speaking Prefrontal cortex activity when generating words primary motor cortex

Motor cortex activity when speaking Prefrontal cortex activity when generating words primary motor cortex Frontal lobe (planning of movements, aspects of memory, inhibition of unsuitable behaviors) temporal lobe (hearing, advanced visual processing) Visual cortex activity when observing words parietal primary lobe somatosensory (visceral cortex sensations) occipital lobe (vision) Fig. 35. 13, p. 597

IV. Details of Cerebrum (con’t) F. Hemispheres: 1. Right: Visual/Spatial, music, ‘creative’ 2. Left:

IV. Details of Cerebrum (con’t) F. Hemispheres: 1. Right: Visual/Spatial, music, ‘creative’ 2. Left: Speech, math, ‘analytical’ 3. Connected with Corpus Callosum G. Limbic System: Role in memory and emotion.

PET Machine

PET Machine

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