I Macroevolution Major innovations separation at higher taxonomic

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I. Macroevolution • Major innovations separation at higher taxonomic levels Exaptation A. • Existing

I. Macroevolution • Major innovations separation at higher taxonomic levels Exaptation A. • Existing feature modified to perform novel function • • • Some plasticity in biological structures Ex: Bird feathers evolved from reptile scales • • Ex: Development of bird wings from reptiles forelimbs not designed for flight May have provided insulation for primitive birds Preadaptation for flight Ex: Middle ear bones in mammals evolved from jaw bones in reptiles Does not imply that structures developed in anticipation of future use

I. Macroevolution B. Developmental Rate and Timing • • Some evolutionary modifications result from

I. Macroevolution B. Developmental Rate and Timing • • Some evolutionary modifications result from minor genetic changes Heterochrony May affect regulatory genes Ex: Allometric growth – Changes in relative growth rates of body parts during development

Prolonged juvenile period Fig. 25. 21

Prolonged juvenile period Fig. 25. 21

I. Macroevolution B. Developmental Rate and Timing • Paedomorphosis – Retention of juvenile characteristics

I. Macroevolution B. Developmental Rate and Timing • Paedomorphosis – Retention of juvenile characteristics in adults Fig. 25. 22

I. Macroevolution C. Changes in Spatial Pattern • Some genes control spatial organization of

I. Macroevolution C. Changes in Spatial Pattern • Some genes control spatial organization of body parts • • Ex: Homeotic genes regulate organism’s bauplan Hox genes provide positional information in animal embryos Purple: Hox. C 6 expression (limbless regions) Fig. 25. 23

I. Macroevolution C. Changes in Spatial Pattern • Regulatory changes may affect gene expression

I. Macroevolution C. Changes in Spatial Pattern • Regulatory changes may affect gene expression without changes in gene sequence Fig. 25

I. Macroevolution D. Directionality • Macroevolution not goal-oriented

I. Macroevolution D. Directionality • Macroevolution not goal-oriented

Fig. 25. 27

Fig. 25. 27

II. Phylogeny and Systematics • • • Evolutionary processes reflected in organismal phylogeny Genealogies

II. Phylogeny and Systematics • • • Evolutionary processes reflected in organismal phylogeny Genealogies often represented as phylogenetic trees that reflect relationships among species Systematics deals with classification of taxa according to evolutionary history

Fig. 26. 4

Fig. 26. 4