I know not with what weapons World War

I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. --Albert Einstein

The Cold War

The Cold War • Who: The U. S. and allies versus the Soviet Union and allies • What: An Intense rivalry which developed at the end of WWII between groups of Communist and non-Communist nations • When: End of WWII to the collapse of the Soviet Union (1945 to 1991) • Where: Europe and eventually the rest of the World • How: Through proxy wars, an arms and space race, covert operations, and political influence

Lecture I: Origins of the Cold War

Beginnings… • Beginnings of the Cold War go back to the revolution in Russia. In 1917 a new communist government is led by Vladimir Lenin • Many of the Western Allies view the new Russian government with suspicion.

The War Years… • During WWII the leaders of Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States agree to work toward the defeat of Nazi Germany. They also begin to map out the future of post-war Europe. • The Soviet Union and the United States are allies out of necessity- to defeat Nazi Germany

Yalta & Potsdam Conferences • Tehran Big Three commit to military strategy to crush Hitler. British wanted a southern American attack – Stalin and Roosevelt agree on direct attack through France. • Yalta Conference: February 1945. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to divide Germany into four zones. USSR would also regain lost lands and free elections would be held in countries freed from the Nazis. Stalin is paranoid about German aggression wants buffer zone. • Potsdam Conference: July 1945. Truman, Churchill and Stalin meet and agree to divide Berlin. Stalin again promises to hold free elections in Eastern Europe

Germany is Divided after WWII into four zones of control

The same is done to Berlin

• America ends the war strong and undamaged, unlike the Soviet Union, Europe, and Japan which are in ruins. • Borders are redrawn and the Soviets control Eastern Europe the United States and allies Western Europe • Fearful of Communism spreading throughout Europe the United States enacts new policies

By 1948 Russia controls Eastern Europe and free elections are not held. All these countries become communist. Winston Churchill states“…an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. ”

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan • Truman Doctrine: America would help any noncommunist country to resist communist pressure with Military aid. (Containment) • Marshall Plan: Idea in which large amounts of American money and aid was sent to Europe to help noncommunist countries recover from WWII.

Marshall Plan – How can money for rebuilding help stop the spread of communism?

Before and After: Reconstruction

European Unity – Post War • Politically Europeans remained divided by national interests despite a unified goal in creating a counter weight to American hegemony. • Economically Europe recovered quickly and used market based approaches which were supported by Keynesian economics.

Alliances: NATO and the Warsaw Pact • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was a defense alliance, created on April 4, 1949. • The Countries included Belgium, luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Great Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, the United States and Canada (Later West Germany and Turkey). • Warsaw Pact (formally the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance), military alliance of eight European Communist nations enacted to counteract NATO • The countries included the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland Romania

The Warsaw Pact countries are green on the map: 1) USSR 2) Poland 3) German Democratic Republic 4) Czechoslovakia 5) Hungary 6) Romania 7) Bulgaria The NATO countries are blue.

Berlin Airlift • When the west combined their zones to form the German Federal Republic the USSR responded by placing a blockade on Berlin. • Not wanting to risk war by breaking through the blockade, the allies flew in all supplies • Berlin received food and other rations through an airlift in 1948 -9 which lasted for 11 months.

http: //www. opb. or g/lmd/coldwar/ind ex. html

Korean War • The Soviet Union had troops in northern Korea and the U. S. had troops in south Korea at the end of WWII. • After most Soviet and American troops left – a Communist group supported by the Soviets and China attacked southern Korea • The United Nations called for an action plan, led by the U. S. , to remove the Communists from South Korea

• After the war the Russian people hoped that their loyalty would be paid back with a more tolerant state – they were disappointed as Stalin declared the new fight was against the capitalists. • Stalin died in 1953 and the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev seemed to want better relations with the West and reform in the USSR. De-Stalinization “Socialism in one country…You fool Trotsky!”

“Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. " • In 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev spoke to the United Nations. During the course of an often rambling and confused speech, Khrushchev, always flamboyant and crude, bent over, took off one shoe, stood up, and started pounding on the lectern with it while shouting: "We will bury you!" No single event so completely encapsulates the essence of the Cold War, including its intensity, its seriousness, and its absurdity.

Cuban Missile Crisis • Khrushchev was replaced was viewed as problematic as he was a former henchman of Stalin and yet he tried to distance himself. • New leader Brezhnev “hard-liner”& Re. Stalinization.

Arms Race • A conventional and nuclear arms race began between the United States and the Soviet Union after the Second World War ended this was the work of “Big Science” • U. S. S. R. explodes their a-bomb in 1949. U. S. explodes a hydrogen bomb in 1952; the U. S. S. R in 1953. • U. S. and U. S. S. R. build up arsenals of tens of thousands of Nuclear weapons.

“Drop and Cover” Fear of the Bomb

U-2 Spy Plane Incident • U. S. sent spy planes over the Soviet Union to keep track of military forces and weapons • Francis Gary Powers, pilot of the U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union May 1, 1960. • He was released by the Russians in exchange for the release of Col. Rudolf Abel a convicted Soviet spy.

Threat of Nuclear War • That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons. • By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth- MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction

The Space Race • The space race was an opportunity for the U. S. and the U. S. S. R. to show technological capabilities. • First satellites, then manned flight and finally a moon landing • The space race also had military reasons such as the development of spy satellites and rockets capable of delivering nuclear weapons

Spies • Spies were used by both sides during the cold war • Spies collected information, tried to interfere or undermine other governments, and tried to influence, persuade, or force other countries to join there side 1958 Oleg Kalugin • Spying was dangerous and Intraveled to the United as a Fulbright many spies lost there lives States exchange student -and KGB spy. during the cold war. Aldrich Ames was probably the most damaging mole in CIA history.

Spy cameras and transmitters Poison Pen

Cigarette Case Gun Coin Knife Key chain gun Suicide Capsules

• • • IRON CURTAIN NEOCOLONIALISM - Decolonization DÉTENTE OPEC “BRAIN DRAIN” NATO – Warsaw Pact Betty Friedan “Socialism with a human face” Partition of Palestine

• Christian Democrats, Socialists, Communists, Catholic Party (France) • “Welfare State” • Keynesian Economics • Common Market – European Steel and Coal Community • Women's Movement – Femiminism – Betty Freidan