I Chemical Bonding Model of a Buckyball with
I. Chemical Bonding Model of a Buckyball with Potassium Ion
Interaction of H Atoms
Pauling Electronegativity Values
Dipolar HF Showing Dipole Moment
Electrostatic Potential Map of HF
Charge Distribution in Water Molecule; Electrostatic Potential Diagram of Water
Structure and Charge Distribution of NH 3; Electrostatic Potential Diagram of NH 3
Cancellation of Bond Polarities in CO 2; Electrostatic Potential Diagram for CO 2
Ionic Compound in Solid State
Gas Phase of Ionic Substance
Structure of Li. F
Chemical Bonds • Covalent Bonds § Bonds form between atoms by sharing electrons. § Resulting collection of atoms is called a molecule. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14
Covalent Bonding Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15
Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonds § Bonds form due to force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. § Ion – atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge. § Cation – positive ion; lost electron(s). § Anion – negative ion; gained electron(s). Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16
Molecular vs. Ionic Compounds Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17
Crystals of Sodium Chloride Charles D. Winters #C 5090 D
Crystals of Copper II Sulfate (Cu. SO 4)
Structure of Quartz
Structure of Ice (Hydrogen Bond)
Electrostatic Diagram Showing Three Possible Types of Bonds
Structures of Ethane and Ethanol
Molecular Structures of Vitamins A and C
Molecular Structure of Vitamin A Frank Cox
Molecular Structure of Vitamin C Frank Cox
Graphite and Diamond #200457884 -001 Credit: Photodisc Red
Structures of Diamond, Graphite, and Buckyball (C 60) 1996 Nobel Prize
Graphene (石墨� ) 2010 Nobel Prize
Combination of H 1 s Atomic Orbitals to Form MOs.
MO Energy-Level Diagram for H 2
FIGURE 14. 27: Bonding and Antibonding MOs
MO Energy-Level Diagram for H 2
Correct MO Energy-Level Diagram for B 2 (: B: B: )
Apparatus Used to Measure Paramagnetism of a Sample
Diagrams, Bond Orders, Bond Energies, and Bond Lengths for Diatomic Molecules B 2 to F 2
Partial MO Energy-Level Diagram for HF
Electron Probability Distribution in the Bonding MO of HF
Sigma Bonding System in Benzene
FIGURE 14. 50: (a) Pi MO System in Benzene, (b) Delocalized Pi MO Over Entire Ring of C Atoms
Structure of Benzoic Acid
Members of Halogen Family (X 2) Tom Pantages
Sulfur Crystals (S 8) Ken O'Donoghue
Acids and Bases
Dissociation of Acid in Water
Acid Molecules
Organic Acids: Acetic Acid and Benzoic Acid
How Do We Measure p. H? • For less accurate measurements, one can use – Litmus paper (石蕊試紙) • “Red” paper turns blue above ~p. H = 8 • “Blue” paper turns red below ~p. H = 5 – Or an indicator. � 2009, Prentice-Hall,
How Do We Measure p. H? For more accurate measurements, one uses a p. H meter, which measures the voltage in the solution. � 2009, Prentice-Hall,
Measuring the p. H of Vinegar and Aqueous Ammonia
p. H Scale
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