I bet you didnt know Blood tests could
I bet you didn’t know… Blood tests could detect cancers Teacher Guide Curriculum Areas Health & Disease Human body Ages 7 -11
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Who were the scientists? Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi-analyte blood test By Joshua D. Cohen, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Lu Li, 6 Yuxuan Wang, 1, 2, 3, 4 Christopher Thoburn, 3 Bahman Afsari, 7 Ludmila Danilova, 7 Christopher Douville, 1, 2, 3, 4 Ammar A. Javed, 8 Fay Wong, 1, 3, 4 Austin Mattox, 1, 2, 3, 4 Ralph. H. Hruban, 3, 4, 9 Christopher L. Wolfgang, 8 Michael G. Goggins, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 Marco Dal Molin, 4 Tian-Li Wang, 3, 9 Richard Roden, 3, 9 Alison P. Klein, 3, 4, 12 Janine Ptak, 1, 2, 3, 4 Lisa Dobbyn, 1, 3, 4 Joy Schaefer, 1, 3, 4 Natalie Silliman, 1, 2, 3, 4 Maria Popoli, 1, 3, 4 Joshua T. Vogelstein, 13 James D. Browne, 14 Robert E. Schoen, 15, 16 Randall E. Brand, 15 Jeanne Tie, 17, 18, 19, 20 Peter Gibbs, 17, 18, 19, 20 Hui-Li Wong, 17 Aaron S. Mansfield, 21 Jin Jen, 22 Samir M. Hanash, 23 Massimo Falconi, 24 Peter J. Allen, 25 Shibin Zhou, 1, 3, 4 Chetan Bettegowda, 1, 3, 4 Luis A. Diaz Jr. , 1, 3, 4* Cristian Tomasetti, 3, 6, 7† Kenneth W. Kinzler, 1, 3, 4† Bert Vogelstein, 1, 2, 3, 4† Anne Marie Lennon, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11† Nickolas Papadopoulos 1, 3, 4 Science 356, 1393 -139 (2017) Look at the next slide to see where all these researchers worked!
Who were the scientists? 42 scientists from 25 research centres across the world worked on this project: • • Fourteen different departments at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Two departments at the University of Pittsburgh, USA Two departments at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas, USA Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Four research centres from Melbourne, Australia Department of Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Research Hospital, Milan, Italy How did they all work together? Note: some countries spell centre as ‘center’.
What did the scientists know? Your body is made up of 100 million cells. Have a look at some images of cells online or using a microscope. MRI scanner Sometimes cells multiply too much and form a tumour. Cells from a ‘malignant’ tumour can invade surrounding body tissue and spread through the body in the bloodstream. This is cancer. Doctors can see some tumours inside our bodies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If doctors can take a small sample of cells from the tumour they can test the cells in the laboratory to see if they will be harmful, but this is not always possible. When tumour cells die their contents are released into the bloodstream, including very small DNA molecules called circulating tumour DNA (ct. DNA). MRI of human head
What did the scientists do? Researchers developed a blood test that identified tiny amounts of ct. DNA and proteins that come from tumours. They tested 1005 patients who had different types of cancers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ovarian cancer Liver cancer Stomach cancer Pancreatic cancer Oesophageal cancer Colorectal cancer Lung cancer Breast cancer Can you identify where these cancers are on a body map? They also tested 812 ‘healthy’ patients.
What did the scientists find out? 98% of ovarian cancer and liver cancer were detected. 60%-70% of stomach, pancreas, oesophagus, colorectal and lung cancers were detected. 33% of breast cancers were detected. Does it matter if the percentage of cancers detected is <100%? Approx 1% (7 out of 812) ‘healthy’ patients scored positive for ct. DNA and protein. This could be because: • Some ‘healthy’ patients had a cancer that wasn’t yet diagnosed • The test was incorrect (false-positive) Does it matter if the test produces some false-positive results?
Quick activity How do cells multiply? Resources Play dough or modelling clay Divide a ball of play dough in half And again… How many cell divisions need to happen to have 100 cells? And again…
Longer investigation What does DNA look like? 1. Connect 5 or 6 sweets with cocktail sticks to make a single strand of DNA bases. 2. Make the complementary strand of bases. 3. Now connect the 2 strands with cocktail sticks so that it starts to look like a ladder. 4. Hold the top and bottom rungs and twist. Your top rung should turn anti-clockwise and the bottom rung clockwise. Resources 4 colours of jelly sweets, cocktail sticks
What did you find out? What does 1 in 20, 000, 000 molecules look like? What does the shape (molecular structure) of DNA look like? DNA molecule
Questions for further learning How do you become you from one cell? Children could find out more about how an embryo develops. What is cancer? Children could research more about how cancer begins, is detected and treated. How can people reduce the chances of getting cancer? Children could research the effect of smoking, drugs, diet & exercise on their bodies. Human embryo (4 cells)
Maths links Area of learning Activity Halving Cell division Patterns & series of numbers Cell division & exponential growth 1, 2, 4, 8… Percentages Data from researchers’ cancer test Scales What does 1 molecule in 20 million molecules look like?
Writing links Area of learning Activity Persuasive writing Leaflet or poster to explain the effects of smoking. Non-chronological report Write a doctor’s report after carrying out an endoscopy examination on a patient. Instructions Write instructions to extract DNA from a fruit.
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