Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is located in the brain

Hypothalamus • The hypothalamus is located in the brain, above the pituitary gland. • Releases inhibiting hormones to control the pituitary gland • Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone • Peptides • Regulates the pituitary gland through hormones released in the blood supply connecting them both called portal circulation. Oxytocin stimulates contractions of the uterus and milk production. The Antidiuretic hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys. • Regulated by the Nervous system • Hypothalamus makes up 1/300 of total brain weight and is the size of an almond.

Pituitary-Posterior Lobe The pituitary gland hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain.

What it produces: • The posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland in the strict sense because it does not make the peptide hormones it releases. Instead, it simply acts as a storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons.

Hormones it Releases • Oxytocin- peptide (protein) • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-peptide (protein)

Functions: • Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk “letdown” reflex. • ADH promotes retention of water by kidneys.

Regulated By: • Oxytocin is regulated by nervous system in response to uterine stretching and/or suckling of a baby. • ADH is regulated by hypothalamus in response to water/salt imbalance.

Interesting Fact: • ADH is responsible for the dry mouth and intense thirst experience the morning after the night on the town (drinking/boozing).

Pituitary – Anterior Lobe By Jacob Butterfield

Anterior Lobe • Connects to the hypothalamus and rests on the sphenoid bone • Size of a grape http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Gray 1181. png

Growth Hormone • Protein monitored by negative feedback • Affects bone and skeletal muscle development – – Stimulates amino acids modeling into proteins Incites cell division and growth Increases fat conversion into cellular energy Regulates blood sugar levels • Overseen by inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus – Released into bloodstream • Growth hormone is used in modern medicine quite often – Burn recovery, M. S. , weight loss, short stature and aging

Anterior Pituitary Dangles off the brain.

Anterior Pituitary • Produces Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). • ACTH is a protein!

Functions it Regulates/Affects • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex. • Glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal cortex work to inhibit anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH. • Prices per vial of synthesized version of ACTH have been as high as $25, 000.

Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe - Reproductive By Jason Burke

Functions and Location • The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. • Linked in function to the hypothalamus. • Comprised of two lobes. • The anterior pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Hormones Secreted l Secretes Follicle-Stimulating Hormone – – – l Luteinizing Hormone – – – l Protein Affects growth of reproductive system Regulated by hypothalamic hormones Protein Sex hormone production Regulated by hypothalamic hormones Prolactin – – – Protein Regulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone, also involved in milk secretion. Regulated by hypothalamic hormones

Pituitary Gland- Anterior Lobe It hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus of the brain and is surrounded by the sphenoid bone. Chemical class: Protein

Hormones • • • Growth Hormone Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyrod-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Regulated by: - Hypothalamic hormones • Affects: -Stimulates growh of bones and muscles, stimulates metabolism -Stimulates milk production -Stimulates production of ova & sperm -Stimulates ovaries and testes -Stimulates thyroid gland -Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Pineal Gland n n n Hormone: Melatonin Actions: Involved in rhythmic activities Regulated by: Light/dark cycles Type: Amine Located: just above your spinal cord, near the center of your brain.

Pineal Gland (cont) n The pineal gland was the last endocrine gland to have its function discovered

Parathyroid • Tiny masses of • glandular tissue found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland is found in the throat.

What it produces… • Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormones (PTH) or parathormone. • Which is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

What it regulates/affects… • When blood calcium levels drop below a certain level, the parathyroids release PTH, which stimulates bone destruction cells (osteoclasts) to break down bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.

What it is regulated by… • Calcium levels in the blood. • Interesting Fact: Women usually have larger parathyroid glands than men.

Thymus Gland THYMUS is an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum.

The Thymus Gland Produces • A hormone called Thymosin • Type of molecule, Protein!

Functions it Regulates/Affects • “Programs” T Cells • It is unknown what regulates the Thymus Gland • Some animals have multiple thymi, it is reported in mice.

Adrenal Cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland

What it produces: • Mineralocorticoids, aldosterone. • Glucocorticoids, cortisol. • Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones

Functions: • Aldosterone, which acts to conserve sodium ions and water in the body • Cortisol, which increases blood glucose levels • Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones. These are secreted by the innermost region. Male hormones, androgens, and female hormones, estrogens, are secreted in minimal amounts in both sexes by the adrenal cortex, but their effect is usually masked by the hormones from the testes and ovaries. In females, the masculinization effect of androgen secretion may become evident after menopause, when estrogen levels from the ovaries decrease.

Regulated By: • Mineralocorticoids is regulated by the oligopeptide angiotensin II (angiotensin II is regulated by angiotensin I, which in turn is regulated by renin). • Glucocorticoids is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

Adrenal Medulla Location: Adrenal Gland Description: Increases blood glucose; increases rate of metabolism; constrict certain blood vessels. Response to stressors, like exercise or imminent danger. Name of Hormone: Epinephrine and norepinephrine Type of Molecule: Amines Functions it regulates/affects: affects increased heart rate and blood pressure. Blood vessel constriction in skin and gastrointestinal What is it regulated by: Nervous system (sympathetic division)

Pancreas By Jason Burke

Location The pancreas is located just underneath the stomach. Ø Interesting Fact: Because of the digestive enzymes contained in the pancreas, injuries to this area are very dangerous. Ø http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_pancreas e. jpg

Hormones Produced Ø Insulin l l l Protein Reduces blood glucose Regulated by blood glucose levels Ø Glucagon l l l Protein Raises Blood Glucose Regulated by blood glucose levels

OVARIES LOCATION… lower abdominal area of the female body WHAT IT PRODUCES… estrogen and progesterone, steroid molecules

FUNCTIONS IT REGULATES/AFFECTS… stimulates uterine lining growth, developmental and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics; promotes growth of uterine lining WHAT IT IS REGULATED BY… FSH and LH INTERESTING FACT… if a person has ovarian cancer and the nerves passing through the pelvic area are affected by the cancer, the pain may affect their legs and feet

Testes n Suspended in scrotum outside pelvic cavity n Androgens hormone n Steroid- TESTOSTERONE n Supports sperm formation, development, and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics n FSH and LH n The origins of the word testimony and testify are closely related to that of testis. Some historians believe that the Romans placed their right hands on their testicles and swore by them before giving a testimony. This is part of the reasons that eunuchs and women weren't allowed to testify in in court. It is documented Roman law though that no man could bear witness unless he possessed both testes.

Heart Location: Heart Description: Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout entire body through blood vessels. Name of hormone: Artial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Type of molecule: Peptide Function it regulates/affects: Kidney/Inhibits sodium ion reabsoption and renin release Adrenal cortex/inhibits secretion of aldosterone Regulated by: Cardiac muscle and involuntary muscle tissue. Interesting fact: In a females heart weighs an average of 250 -300 g and in a males heart weight on average 300350 g.

Kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity.

What the Kidney’s Produce • The kidney’s produce a wide variety of hormones but where focusing on Renin. • Renin is a Protein!

Functions it Regulates/Affects • Renin regulates the body's mean arterial blood pressure. • It is regulated by ANP by the heart to reduce blood volume and blood pressure. • Renin deals with high blood pressure, which is considered the worlds #1 modifiable risk factor.

GI Tract Located in the abdomen

What the GI Tract Produce • The GI Tract produce Gastrin. • Gastrin is a Protein!

Functions it Regulates/Affects • The presence of gastrin stimulates parietal cells of the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)/gastric acid. • Somatostatin inhibits the release of gastrin. • Its existence was first suggested in 1905 by the British physiologist John Sydney Edkins.

Placenta The Placenta is formed temporarily in the uterus of pregnant women.

What it produces: • Hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin. • Hormone called human placental lactogen. • Estrogen and progesterone.

Regulates/Affects • h. CG continues to produced estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is not removed in menses. • h. PL works cooperatively with estrogen and progesterone in preparing the breasts for lactation. .

Regulated By: • Regulated by pregnancy. Interesting Fact: • Some people eat the placenta, as it is thought to bring your child good luck.