Hyperthermophilic Bacteria Thermotoga Three Thermodesulfobacterium groups of hyperthermophile

Hyperthermophilic Bacteria � Thermotoga, � Three Thermodesulfobacterium groups of hyperthermophile bacteria are located at the bottom of the Bacteria phylogenetic tree, right next to the supposed root

Prokaryotic Diversity of Archaea � There are 5 phyla: � Crenarchaeota, � Euryarchaeota, � Nanoarchaeota, � Korarchaeota, � Thaumarchaeota

Euryarchaeota � Methanogen (anaerobe) Methanopyrus � Halophils (aerob) � Thermococcus, Pyrococcus (hyperthermofil) � Thermoplasma (without cell wall)

Crenarchaeota � Hyperthermophilic (most chemolitotrophic autotrophs) � Clustered in short branches in the tree of life, evolved slowly, the first Archaea � They have relatives living in the fast-evolving cold settling in long branches on the tree.

Euryarchaeota Exstreme Halophile Archaea � Halobacterium, Haloferax, Natronobacterium � Na. Cl minimum %9, optimum %12 -23, saturation %32 � Some species live in salinity close to sea water (2. 5%) � They have the largest natural plasmids � Mostly aerobes, some species anaerobes, Gram negative, no sports � Compatible (soluble) compounds (K) accumulate.

Euryarchaeota Extreme Halophile Archaea • Extreme halophilic Archaea synthesize light-based ATP. • There is no chlorophyll pigment. • A protein called bacteriorodopsine, similar to the rhodopsin pigment in the eye, is found in the membranes of these bacteria. • Bacteriorodopsine is attached to the retinal molecule, a carotenoid-like purple pigment that absorbs light. • After retinal light absorption, it protrudes a proton from the cytoplasm out of the membrane and creates proton thrust.

Light-based ATP synthesis bacteriorodopsin Halobacterium salinarium There is also ATP synthesis with proteorodopsin (the smallest genome known in bacteria). It is found in the oceans, chemoorganotroph. No bacteriochlorophyll. Not phototroph.

Euryarchaeota Metanogenics � Methanobacterium (pseudopeptidoglycan) � Methanocaldococcus (protein/glikoprotein) � Methanosarcina (metanokondroitin) � Methanospirillum (S layer) � Methane (CH 4) producers, obligat anaerob, mesophile, not halophile