Hydrology Engineering Lecture 6 2 1 1 6

Hydrology Engineering Lecture 6 2 1 1 6 3 4 IR HERMONO S. BUDINETRO, M. ENG 5 Part of the lecture was from ibu Purwanti Sri Pudyastuti

HYDROLOGI General HYDROLOGI HYDROMETRI CLIMATOLOGY AWLR, Peil scal RAINFALL ARR, ORR EROSIFITAS POINT RAINFALL WATER LEVEL rva se SEDIMEN TRANSPORT Ob AREAL RAINFALL Analisa frekuensi DESIGN RAINFALL tio n Observation RATING CURVE RIVER DISCHARGE Sintetis Frequency Analysis DESIGN DISCHARGE Maximum discharge (at maximum water level) Minimum discharge (at dry season) and Design discharge (design flood) and Water availibility Current meter

3 CLIMATOLOGY the scientific study of climate The incidence and distribution of water in an area depends on the climate, topography and geology. Climate is mostly influenced by geographical location in the earth's surface. In general, the climate has an influence on the lives of humans and animals, and plants, .

Climate influence on Soil, Plants and Animals / Humans Factor 4 Soil Plant Animal/Human Temperatur Good for the separation of organic substances and thus facilitate the dissolution of the mineral soil Good for the growth and Influencing the decrease / maturation of the fruit. increase in body temperature Accelerate water loss, or evaporation. Humidity Retard the drying. Good for decay and facilitate dissolution of organic materials Good for growth. Reduce evaporation. Affect heat loss, pushing their skin disorders, make humans uncomfortable Wind velocity Erodes the open land, and encourage drying Accelerate evaporation. Help pollination. Encouraging heat loss Sun shine raising the temperature arrange photosynthesis Can burn the skin, the skin surface temperature increase Rainfall Peeling and washing land Water is important for Agglomerate clay/soil plants, dissolving nutrients Affect health, it could bring the danger of flooding

5 Climatic factors that are important for hydrological analysis are: humidity, temperature, radiation, wind, and precipitation. Topography is closely related to the level surface of the earth, the mountains, rivers, lakes, swamps, geological structure of the local soil and forms / types of the earth's surface (land use) that will directly affect the level / large runoff (coefficient run-off) ,

6 Climatological station Climatic conditions of a region obtained from Climatological Station, Rain fall depth, The amount of time the sun is shining and the amount of solar radiation, Velocity and direction of wind Humidity Temperatur maximum and mininimum Evaporation Changes in the water table of the groundwater.

CLIMATOLOGY STATTION a. Ordinary Rainfall Recorder = ORR 1. Rainfall b. Automatic Rainfall Recorder = ARR. 2. Humidity 3. Temperatur 4. Sun shine a. psychrometer, b. hair hygrometer or c. hygro thermograph. a. Thermometer maximum and b. Thermometer minimum a. the length of sun shine “Campbell Stokes Recorder” (glass ball) b. Sun shine calories “Actinograph” 5. Velocity & direction of wind 6. Evaporation Pan Evaporation Anemometer

10 m 8 gate tank for water storage 1, 0 m 1, 5 m ORR home instrument with the door a north facing 6 m 1, 5 m measuring device for wind speed and direction 3, 0 m 2, 5 m ARR 1, 5 m Pan evaporasi measuring device for solar heat sunshine recorder 3, 0 m 2, 0 m pagar transparan Lay – Out Climatology station house of supporting devices for ARR N

9

THERMOMETER ARR = Automatic rainfall recorder THERMOHYGROGRAPH Temperature & humidity ORR = ordinary rainfall recorder ACTINOGRAPH Sun shine calories SUNSHINE “Campbell Stokes Recorder” the length of sun shine PAN EVAPORASI ANEMOMETER Velocity & direction of wind

Rainfall 11 Rain recorder is 2 (two) types: 1. Ordinary Rainfall Recorder = ORR” and 2. Automatic Rainfall Recorder = ARR must always be accompanied by the ORR. which is used as a calibration total daily rainfall. ARR = Automatic rainfall recorder ORR = ordinary rainfall recorder

Temperature The temperature was recorded with a thermometer, 12 in an open box protected from rain and direct placed sunlight, The thermometer usually together with air humidity recording device. Observations were made using the maximum and minimum thermometers, which will provide information on the maximum and minimum temperatures at a certain period. In Indonesia, the minimum temperature occurred at around 4: 30 AM and the maximum temperature at 13, 00. PM. The higher the elevation of the ground surface of the sea level, the lower the air temperature, the change range from 6. 50 C to rise 1000 m. Variations in air temperature also depends on the intensity of sunlight, the pattern of ocean currents, wind, and plants. THERMOHYGROGRAPH Temperature & humidity THERMOMETE R Maximum & minimum

Humidity The air easily absorb moisture, thus forming air humidity. The amount of water vapor that is 13 absorbed depends on the air temperature and water. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor that can be held. If there is an energy source that can vaporize this water into the air, the evaporation will continue until the air becomes saturated with water vapor, so that it can no longer absorb water vapor, resulting in a balance. In these conditions the water molecules will put pressure on the system at a certain temperature, known as the "saturated vapor pressure" or es. Value es varies according to the surrounding temperature. To measure humidity used psychrometer, a hair hygrometer or hygrothermograph. In relation to the science of hydrology, the amount of humidity will affect the prevalence of cloud that will turn into rain. THERMOHYGROGRAPH Temperature & humidity

Sun Shine The measurement a long sun shines with devices "Campbell Stokes Recorder" 14 placed on brick masonry. This device consists of a solid glass ball with a diameter of 4 inches (= 10. 1 cm) attached to the sunken field, diameter and placement so that sunlight passing through the glass ball with a sharp focus on the field of concave, in case the sun will burn the paper placed on the sunken field. Of combustion in the paper can be known a long the sun shines every day. ACTINOGRAPH Sun shine calories SUNSHINE “Campbell Stokes Recorder” the length of sun shine

15 Purwanti Sri Pudyastuti

Evaporation 16 Evaporation measurements is used the Pan Evaporation (next lecture) PAN EVAPORASI

The velocity and direction of wind The wind is moving air, to have the direction and speed. 17 Wind direction is expressed in 16 majors compass and comes with directions that states the degree to north. Wind speed expressed in miles / hour, kilometers / hour, meters / second, or knots (1 knot = 0. 540 km / h). Wind speed and direction are usually measured by the anemometer and wind direction. Anemometer commonly used is the type of dish that consists of 3 or 4 cup that rotates around the vertical axis. Anemometer installed at a height of 2 m above the ground. ANEMOMETER Velocity & direction of wind