HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY 630
- Slides: 62
HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE • PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY = 630 GW • POWER = DELTA P x FLOW RATE • POWER (W) = H =METRES, Q = CUSECS NIAGRA FALLS, H=100 M, Q=6000 M 3 S-1, P=5 GW
WORLD TOTAL = 630 GW
HYDROPOWER • TOTAL AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE RESOURCE IS 15 TIMES PRESENT HYDROELECTRIC OUTPUT, WHICH IS 16% OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER • 100% IN NORWAY, 80% BRAZIL • UK INSTALLED CAPACITY IS 1. 4 GW (90% IN SCOTLAND) • UK POTENTIAL IS 13 GW
ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEED KAPLAN – LARGE Q LOW H, VARY BLADE ANGLE FRANCIS – VARY Q BY ADJUSTING GUIDE VANES PELTON – VARY IMPULSE BY NOZZLE SPEAR
FRANCIS TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE
POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2
18 SETS OF 700 MW =12. 6 GW, H=120 M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S
1 MILE LONG, 181 M HIGH, 18. 2 GW, 26 X 700 MW
CRUACHAN RESERVOIR AND LOCH AWE
CRUACHAN PUMPER STORAGE SCHEME
DINORWIG • 6 X 300 MW FRANCIS TURBINES • H=500 M, Q= 7 MILLION M 3 • • TURBINES OPERATING AS PUMPS USE 281 MW EACH TAKES 6 HOURS TO FILL UP AT NIGHT OVERALL EFFICIENCY = 88% IE PAY 12% OF POWER USED TO PROVIDE STORAGE
TIDAL POWER GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOON INTERACTION TOTAL UK POTENTIAL = 17% OF CURRENT ELECTRICTY GENERATION
AREA = A R MASS OF TRAPPED WATER = C OF G = R/2 ABOVE LOW WATER MARK MAX PE IF ALL WATER FALLS R/2 = Over tidal period ‘t’ average PE =
TIDAL TURBINE
2 miles of permanent mud at Weston – super - Mare
Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates
Turbines 6000 MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & sea Pumps 2500 MW
12. 5 HRS 50 MINS LATER EACH DAY 29. 5 DAY CYCLE 14 DAYS BETWEEN SPRING & NEAP SUN PULL IS 177 BIGGER THAN MOON MID OCEAN TR=0. 5 M NEAR COASTS TR AMPLIFIED UP TO 15 M
MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUT COMMON CENTRE GIVES LARGE OUTWARD G FORCE ON SEA ON FAR SIDE & SMALL G FORCE ON NEAR SIDE. PULL OF MOON STRONG ON NEAR SIDE, WEAKER THAN AVERAGE ON FAR SIDE SUM APPROX SAME ON BOTH SIDES
WAVE ENERGY UP TO 2 MW/m Average 80 k. W/m Twice as much available in UK territorial waters As current installed generating capacity Seasonal peak in the winter Storms a problem
ANNUAL AVERAGE WAVE POWER IN KW/M
SALTER DUCK WAVE POWER CONVERTER
SALTER DUCK WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER