HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY 630

HYDROPOWER • TOTAL AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE RESOURCE IS 15 TIMES PRESENT HYDROELECTRIC OUTPUT, WHICH IS

ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEED KAPLAN – LARGE Q LOW H, VARY

POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2

18 SETS OF 700 MW =12. 6 GW, H=120 M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S

1 MILE LONG, 181 M HIGH, 18. 2 GW, 26 X 700 MW

DINORWIG • 6 X 300 MW FRANCIS TURBINES • H=500 M, Q= 7 MILLION

TIDAL POWER GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOON INTERACTION TOTAL UK POTENTIAL

AREA = A R MASS OF TRAPPED WATER = C OF G = R/2

2 miles of permanent mud at Weston – super - Mare

Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates

Turbines 6000 MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & sea Pumps

12. 5 HRS 50 MINS LATER EACH DAY 29. 5 DAY CYCLE 14 DAYS

MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUT COMMON CENTRE GIVES LARGE OUTWARD G FORCE ON SEA ON FAR

WAVE ENERGY UP TO 2 MW/m Average 80 k. W/m Twice as much available

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HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE • PRESENT WORLD CAPACITY = 630 GW • POWER = DELTA P x FLOW RATE • POWER (W) = H =METRES, Q = CUSECS NIAGRA FALLS, H=100 M, Q=6000 M 3 S-1, P=5 GW

WORLD TOTAL = 630 GW

HYDROPOWER • TOTAL AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE RESOURCE IS 15 TIMES PRESENT HYDROELECTRIC OUTPUT, WHICH IS 16% OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER • 100% IN NORWAY, 80% BRAZIL • UK INSTALLED CAPACITY IS 1. 4 GW (90% IN SCOTLAND) • UK POTENTIAL IS 13 GW

ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEED KAPLAN – LARGE Q LOW H, VARY BLADE ANGLE FRANCIS – VARY Q BY ADJUSTING GUIDE VANES PELTON – VARY IMPULSE BY NOZZLE SPEAR

FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2

18 SETS OF 700 MW =12. 6 GW, H=120 M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S

1 MILE LONG, 181 M HIGH, 18. 2 GW, 26 X 700 MW

CRUACHAN RESERVOIR AND LOCH AWE

CRUACHAN PUMPER STORAGE SCHEME

DINORWIG • 6 X 300 MW FRANCIS TURBINES • H=500 M, Q= 7 MILLION M 3 • • TURBINES OPERATING AS PUMPS USE 281 MW EACH TAKES 6 HOURS TO FILL UP AT NIGHT OVERALL EFFICIENCY = 88% IE PAY 12% OF POWER USED TO PROVIDE STORAGE

TIDAL POWER GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOON INTERACTION TOTAL UK POTENTIAL = 17% OF CURRENT ELECTRICTY GENERATION

AREA = A R MASS OF TRAPPED WATER = C OF G = R/2 ABOVE LOW WATER MARK MAX PE IF ALL WATER FALLS R/2 = Over tidal period ‘t’ average PE =

TIDAL TURBINE

2 miles of permanent mud at Weston – super - Mare

Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates

Turbines 6000 MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & sea Pumps 2500 MW

12. 5 HRS 50 MINS LATER EACH DAY 29. 5 DAY CYCLE 14 DAYS BETWEEN SPRING & NEAP SUN PULL IS 177 BIGGER THAN MOON MID OCEAN TR=0. 5 M NEAR COASTS TR AMPLIFIED UP TO 15 M

MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUT COMMON CENTRE GIVES LARGE OUTWARD G FORCE ON SEA ON FAR SIDE & SMALL G FORCE ON NEAR SIDE. PULL OF MOON STRONG ON NEAR SIDE, WEAKER THAN AVERAGE ON FAR SIDE SUM APPROX SAME ON BOTH SIDES

WAVE ENERGY UP TO 2 MW/m Average 80 k. W/m Twice as much available in UK territorial waters As current installed generating capacity Seasonal peak in the winter Storms a problem

ANNUAL AVERAGE WAVE POWER IN KW/M

SALTER DUCK WAVE POWER CONVERTER

SALTER DUCK WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER