HYDROCEPHALUS HYDROCEPHALUS What is hydrocephalus n Commonly known

HYDROCEPHALUS

HYDROCEPHALUS

What is hydrocephalus? n Commonly known as water in the brain n It is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cavities called ventricles inside the brain.

n Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- is a liquid produced by the chorid plexius found with in the ventricles of the brain. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a protective cushion against injury.

Symptoms n Baby’s head abnormally enlarges n soft spot(fontanel) may be tense & bulging n scalp may look thin & glistening n delayed mental development

Continued Symptoms n scalp veins may have n n n unusual fullness Feeling baby’s head along sutures bones are separated vomiting sleepiness irritability downward deviation of the eyes

Causes n Aqueductal obstruction n Neural Tube Defects or myelomeningocele n Intraventricular hemorrhage n Meningitis n Head trauma n Tumors n Arachnoid Cysts n Dandy Walkers Syndrome

Hydrocephalus may lead to n mental retardation or n n brain damage epileptic seizures neurological injury progressive dementia And death

Extreme cases

Diagnosing Hydrocephalus

Diagnosing n Ultrasound n Computed Tomography (CT Scans)

Diagnosing n Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) n Amniocentesis

Diagnosing n Imaging studies/ X-Rays n Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) n And Prenatal risk screening (PRP)

Prevention n Prenatal Hydrocephalus is congenital therefore not preventable, but it can be treated. n If left untreated or in extreme cases may lead to death.

Treatment n Open fetal surgery n shunt placement n ventriculostomy n there are drugs like acetazolamide, glycerol, furosemide, digoxin& isosobride to postpone surgical placement of a shunt.

Shunt Placement n A shunt is a flexible tube about 1/8” in diameter, and is made of n n n n soft and pliable plastic usually silastic Shunts divert the flow of CSF from the ventricles into the body usually the abdominal cavity or atrium Shunts are placed into the child’s CSF system, and have a catheter (tubing) and a flow control mechanism (one way valve) Most shunts have an access area where testing can be done with a fine gauge needle One portion of the tube is inserted into the ventricles and is called the ventricular catheter Then the peritoneal/atrium catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity or the atrium A valve regulates the pressure of the CSF flow and prevents backward flow of into the ventricles There are 6 different types of shunts

After shunt care n Regular Follow up visits n n with the Drs shunt site should be cleaned eyes examined regularly CSF pressure should be checked to make sure shunt is working CSF should be checked periodically to be sure there Is no infection

Risks of a Shunt n Possible bleeding under the outermost covering of the brain known as subdural hematoma n infection (may cause loss of intelligence) n stroke n shunt failure/malfunction n abdominal injury n over drainage of the ventricles n death

Shunt malfunction or infection n Enlargement of head n irritability n fontanel is tense, and n Sleepiness upright n prominent scalp veins n swelling along shunt tract n vomiting n downward deviation of the eyes n less interest in feeding n fever n redness along the shunt tract

Outcomes of shunt n Complications occur in about 30 % of patients, but only 5% are serious or long term. n 25% to 80% of patients experience long term improvement

In conclusion, congenital and acquired Hydrocephalus is a condition not a disease, it may not be prevented, but it can be treated. If left untreated it may cause many disabilities, complications, and even death.