Hydro Energy 1 Hydrologic Cycle 2 http www

Hydro Energy 1

Hydrologic Cycle 2 http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/hydro_how. html

Hydropower in Context 3

Sources of Electric Power – US 4

Renewable Energy Sources 5 Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http: //www. wvic. com/hydro-facts. htm

World hydro production 6 IEA. org

Major Hydropower Producers 7

World’s Largest Dams Name Country Year Max Generation Annual Production Three Gorges China 2009 18, 200 MW Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12, 600 MW 93. 4 TW-hrs Guri Venezuela 1986 10, 200 MW 46 TW-hrs Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6, 809 MW 22. 6 TW-hrs Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6, 400 MW Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5, 616 MW Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5, 429 MW 35 TW-hrs Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2, 280 MW 11. 3 TW-hrs Ranked by maximum power. 8 “Hydroelectricity, ” Wikipedia. org

Three Gorges Dam (China) 9

Three Gorges Dam Location Map 10

Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay) 11 “Itaipu, ” Wikipedia. org

Itaipú Dam Site Map 12 http: //www. kented. org. uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20 Articles/itaipudam. htm

Guri Dam (Venezuela) 13 http: //www. infodestinations. com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index. shtml

Guri Dam Site Map 14 http: //lmhwww. epfl. ch/Services/Reference. List/2000_fichiers/gurimap. htm

Grand Coulee Dam (US) www. swehs. co. uk/ docs/coulee. html 15

Grand Coulee Dam Site Map 16

Grand Coulee Dam Statistics Generators at Grand Coulee Dam Location Description Number Capacity (MW) Total (MW) Pumping Plant Pump/Generator 6 50 300 Station Service Generator 3 10 30 Main Generator 9 125 1125 Main Generator 3 600 1800 Main Generator 3 700 2100 33 6480 Left Powerhouse Right Powerhouse Third Powerhouse Totals 17

Uses of Dams – US 18 Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http: //www. wvic. com/hydro-facts. htm

Hydropower Production by US State 19 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Percent Hydropower by US State 20 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Hydropower Design 21

Terminology (Jargon) • Head – Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. – The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head • Dams: three categories – high-head (800 or more feet) – medium-head (100 to 800 feet) – low-head (less than 100 feet) • Power is proportional to the product of head x flow 22 http: //www. wapa. gov/crsp/info/harhydro. htm

Scale of Hydropower Projects • Large-hydro – More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid • Medium-hydro – 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid • Small-hydro – 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid • Mini-hydro – Above 100 k. W, but below 1 MW – Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid • Micro-hydro – From 5 k. W up to 100 k. W – Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Pico-hydro – From a few hundred watts up to 5 k. W – Remote areas away from the grid. www. itdg. org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power. pdf 23

Types of Hydroelectric Installation 24 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Meeting Peak Demands • Hydroelectric plants: – Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly – Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. – Save millions of barrels of oil 25

Types of Systems • Impoundment – Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee • Diversion or run-of-river systems – Niagara Falls – Most significantly smaller • Pumped Storage – Two way flow – Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower elevation for power generation • A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production 26

Conventional Impoundment Dam 27 http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types. html

Example Hoover Dam (US) 28 http: //las-vegas. travelnice. com/dbi/hooverdam-225 x 300. jpg

Diversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower 29

Example Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska) 30 http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types. html

Micro Run-of-River Hydropower 31 http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types. html

Micro Hydro Example Used in remote locations in northern Canada 32 http: //www. electrovent. com/#hydrofr

Pumped Storage Schematic 33

Pumped Storage System 34 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003