HYDRAULICS PNEUMATICS Introduction Components Presented by Dr Abootorabi

HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS üIntroduction üComponents Presented by: Dr. Abootorabi 1

Introduction Three basic methods of transmitting power: Electrical Mechanical Fluid power In practice, most applications actually use combination of the three methods to achieve the most efficient overall systems. 2

Introduction We have to understand the features of each method in order to get the best result. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distance compare to mechanical systems. But fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances compared to electrical systems. 3

Comparison of power system 4

Definition Hydraulics is the science of forces and movements transmitted by means of liquids. 5

Applications of hydraulic power Machine tools Machine-tool typical area hydraulics. machine construction of With tools, workpieces are is application modern the a of CNC tools and clamped by hydraulic means. Feed motions and the spindle drive can also be hydraulically powered. 6

Applications of hydraulic power Press with elevated reservoir This is an application in which extremely high forces are required. A special feature is the elevated reservoir, which utilizes the static pressure in the pressure medium. 7

Applications of hydraulic power Mobile hydraulics: Excavator On this hydraulic excavator, not only all working movements (linear drives) but also the propulsion of the vehicle (rotary drive) are hydraulically powered. The primary excavator drive is of an the internal- combustion engine. 8

Applications of hydraulic power 9

Fluid power is divided into two: hydraulic system (using oils) and pneumatic system (using compressed air). Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks. There are many factors to consider to choose a suitable system. 10

Advantages of fluid power can be summarized as follows: Ease and accuracy of control Multiplication of force Constant force or torque Simplicity, safety, economy 11

Drawbacks of fluid power Hydraulic oils are messy and leakage is impossible to eliminate completely. Hydraulic lines can burst and might result in injuring people and damaging surrounding objects. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can damage hearing. Most hydraulic oils can cause fires if there is a leakage. Compressive air for pneumatic systems can be dangerous if the pressure is too high. 12

Structure of a hydraulic system This simplified block diagram shows the division of hydraulic systems into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. This signal control section is used to activate the valves in the power control section. 13

Hydraulic power section The diagram of the hydraulic power section is complemented in this case by a circuit diagram to allow correlation of the various function groups; the power supply section contains the hydraulic pump and drive motor and the components for the preparation of the hydraulic fluid. The power control section consists of the various valves used to provide control and regulate the flow rate, pressure and direction of the hydraulic fluid. The drive section consists of cylinders or hydraulic motors, depending on the application in question. 14

Components of a fluid power system: Hydraulic system A hydraulic system has six basic components: A tank to hold the hydraulic oil A pump to force the oil through the system An electric motor or other power source to drive the pump Valves to control oil direction, pressure and flow rate An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil into mechanical force or torque to do useful work Piping to carry the oil from one location to another 15

Components of a fluid power system: Hydraulic system • • • A tank (reservoir) to hold the hydraulic oil (A) An electronic motor or other power source to drive the pump (B) A pump to force the oil through the system (C) Valves to control oil direction, pressure and flow rate (D-G) An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil into mechanical force or torque to do useful work (H) • Piping to carry the oil from one location to another 16

Components of a fluid power system: Pneumatic system A pneumatic system also has six basic components: An air tank to store a certain volume of compressed air A compressor to compress the air coming from the atmosphere An electric motor or other prime mover to drive the compressor Valves to control air direction, pressure, and flow rate. Actuators, which are similar in operation to hydraulic actuators Piping to carry the pressurized air from one location to another 17

Components of a fluid power system: Pneumatic system A pneumatic system also has six basic components: 18

Fluids: liquids and gases A liquid is a fluid which has a definite volume independent of the shape of its container. A liquid is considered to be incompressible so that its volume does not change with pressure changes. This is only approximation but the change in volume due to pressure change is quite small that it is ignored for most engineering purposes. 19

Primary functions of a hydraulic fluid Transmit power Lubricate moving parts Seal clearance between mating parts Dissipate heat 20

Primary functions of a hydraulic fluid 21

Hydraulic fluid In order to be safe, hydraulic fluids must also be changed periodically. The frequency of changing depends on the fluid as well the operating conditions. Advice from laboratory analysis could be sought to determine when the fluid should be changed. 22

gases A gas is a fluid which is compressible. In addition, its volume will vary to fill the vessel containing it. A gas is greatly influenced by the pressure to which it is subjected. If the pressure increases, the volume decreases, and vice versa. 23

gases Air is the only gas commonly used in fluid power systems because it is inexpensive and readily available. Air has the following desirable features: 1. Fire resistant 2. Not messy 3. Can be released back to atmosphere 24

Disadvantages of air Due its compressibility, air cannot be used in an application requiring accurate positioning or rigid holding. Because air is compressible, it tends to be sluggish. Air can be corrosive since it contains oxygen (about 21%) and water. A lubricant must be added to air to lubricate valves and actuators. High pressure air (greater than 250 psi = 17 atm) is typically not used due to the explosive dangers. 25

Components of a hydraulic system 26

Components of a hydraulic system 27

Components of a hydraulic system Power supply section: 28

Components of a hydraulic system Power supply section: 29

Components of a hydraulic system Power supply section: 30

Components of a hydraulic system Power supply section: 31

Components of a hydraulic system Hydraulic fluid: Valves: 32

Components of a hydraulic system Types of valves: 1. Directional control valves: 33

Components of a hydraulic system 2. Pressure valves: 00 34

Components of a hydraulic system 3. Flow control valves: 35

Components of a hydraulic system 4. Non-return valves: 36

Components of a hydraulic system Cylinders (linear actuators): 1. Single-acting Cylinders: 37

Components of a hydraulic system Cylinders (linear actuators): 2. Double-acting cylinders: 38

Components of a hydraulic system Motors (rotary actuators): 39

Components of a hydraulic system Hydraulic Cylinders and Motors: 40

Components of a hydraulic system Tank (reservoir) for a hydraulic system: The function of a tank is to store the fluid used. However, it serves functions other than storage and is actually a working part of the system. A hydraulic reservoir or tank has the following functions: Stores the hydraulic fluid of the system, including some reserve Protects the stored fluid from outside contamination Provides means to check the amount of fluid in the system Provides means to add or change the fluid Cools the fluid as it returns from the actuators, and Removes contaminants such as water, dirt, pieces of metal, or chemicals from the fluid 41

Components of a hydraulic system Tank (reservoir) of a hydraulic system 42

Components of a hydraulic system Tank (reservoir) of a hydraulic system 43

Components of a hydraulic system Most tanks are of welded construction with supports for mounting for easy access to the drain plug and also to permit cooling air to circulate underneath. A tank must be totally enclosed and should have a filtered air breather to screen out particles from the surrounding air. The fluid that flows in the hydraulic system must be cleaned. Contaminant are screened out using a strainer and a filter. Some reservoirs have magnetic plugs to trap iron and steel particles carried by the fluid. 44

Components of a hydraulic system 45

Components of a hydraulic system A strainer blocks the relatively large solid particles from entering the system. It is attached to the pump inlet line and may immersed in the oil near the bottom of the tank. Particles stuck to the strainer are cleaned off later and the strainer is ready for reuse. A filter is used to remove smaller particles by absorbing them. Fluid is allowed to flow through but fine particles are trapped and absorbed. When the filter becomes clogged, it is replaced by a new one. 46

Components of a hydraulic system Strainers and Filters: Strainers are constructed of a fine wire screen that usually has openings more than 150 micron or μm. The condition of the strainer can be monitored by installing a pressure gage between the pump and the strainer. A pressure drop shown by the gage indicated that the strainer is becoming clogged. If the strainer is not cleaned, the pump can be starved, resulting in cavitations and increased pump noise. 47

Components of a hydraulic system Basically, filters and strainers are similar. However, the size of particles that can be removed by a strainer is normally greater than 150 μm. On the other hand, a filter can remove much smaller particles, down to 1 μm. Even particles as small as 1 μm can produce a damping effect on hydraulic systems and can also accelerate oil deterioration. 48

The end. 49