Hurricanes Definition A tropical cyclone with sustained oneminute
- Slides: 63
Hurricanes
Definition • A tropical cyclone with sustained oneminute winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots), at an elevation of 10 meters. • Derived from the Spanish word "huracan" , which was most likely inspired by Hunraken, the name for the ancient Mayan storm god or Hurakan, the Quiche god of thunder
Hurricane Facts • They are tropical cyclones (low pressure areas) with sustained winds at least 64 knots (74 mph). Strongest hurricane on record (Camille) had winds exceeding 200 mph. • Typically 500 -1000 km in diameter (smaller than midlatitude cyclones). • Can be associated with heavy rain (10 -20 inches!), tornadoes, and storm surges on the coast. • Also called typhoons and tropical cyclones
Katrina • 1833 deaths • 125 billion in damage • Most destructive hurricane in U. S. history
Fig. 11 -24, p. 320
1900 Galveston, TX Hurricane: The Greatest Loss of Life of Any U. S. Meteorological Event (8000 died)
Typhoon Haiyan
Tropics but not on the equator! Fig. 11 -10, p. 307
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Category Table 11 -2, p. 313
Category 4 and 5 Hurricanes are relatively rare Fig. 11 -16, p. 313
Experience a hurricane http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=H 9 Vpwmtn. OZc http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 LPM-0 xi. Vv. M http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ue. M-cj. TEEA 8&feature=related
Hurricane Season Atlantic Basin Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
Hurricane Structure
Major Features: Eye (nearly clear) Eye Wall Rainband Spiral Rainbands Fig. 11 -20, p. 317
Fig. 11 -18, p. 316
Fig. 11 -8, p. 305
Eye slopes outward
In much the same way an ice skater spins more quickly as her arms are tucked close into her body, air in a hurricane also moves at a faster pace near the center than near the outer edge.
Destruction most intense on right front side of cyclone (wind + storm speed greatest)
Eye wall replacement • A shrinking eye indicates storm intensification. • Some intense hurricanes develop double eye walls, as rain bands contract and intensify. • Eye wall replacement leads to weakening of the hurricane winds, followed by renewed strengthening.
The Greatest Damage and Loss of Life from Hurricanes is Near the Coast Associated with Storm Surges
Fig. 11 -15, p. 312
Before and after Hurricane Iva, Sept 2004, coastal Alabama
Before a hurricane… After a hurricane.
Storm Surge • Produced by the storm pushing water up on the coast AND • By the low pressure of the hurricane.
Storm Surge Video http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. V 6 Qtrt 2 CNQ&feature=fvsr http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l 9 v. DSWugz 08
What is the energy source of Hurricanes?
Hurricanes • Hurricanes get their energy from the warm, waters of the tropics. • Require the water surface to be at least 80 F • Also need moist air through depth and weak wind shear. • Generally develop as a weak tropical disturbance moves over the oceans.
Revving Up a Hurricanes: Two Positive Feedbacks Involving Warm Water Convergence-Convection (CISK— Conditional Instability of the Second Kind) Surface flux-Convection (WISHE— Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange)
CISK
Hurricane Origin
Many Atlantic Hurricanes Begin as Tropical Waves Over Africa
Hurricane Prediction: A Mixed Report • During the past thirty years there has been a substantial improvement in hurricane track forecasts as computer models improved and more data became available to describe the hurricane environment. • Over the same period only minimal improvement in hurricane intensity forecasts.
Katrina 48 -h Before: Virtually a Perfect Forecast of Track
Hurricane Irma 2017 Tour de Force
Hurricane Predictions Have Been Enhanced by In-situ Aircraft Observations in and Around Hurricanes
NOAA P 3 “Hurricane Hunter” Aircraft
Gulfstream IV-SP (G-IV) is a high altitude, high speed, twin turbofan jet aircraft
New Technology: Drones
Substantial Promise in Numerical Weather Prediction • The use of higher resolution prediction and better data around and in hurricanes should result in better intensity predictions. 15 -km grid spacing 1. 67 km grid spacing
U. S Hurricane Headquarters
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