Humanitys Top Ten Problems for Next 50 years

Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for Next 50 years • ENERGY • WATER • FOOD • ENVIRONMENT • POVERTY • TERRORISM & WAR • DISEASE • EDUCATION • DEMOCRACY • POPULATION Oil Natural gas Coal Uranium 41 yrs 67 yrs 192 yrs 53 yrs Source: Richard Smalley, Rice University

Prediction of Energy Demand from 2000 to 2100 (EJ/a： 1018 Joul/year) Source： German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003

何謂AM 0、AM 1. 5？ AM 即 Air Mass，定義為穿過幾個大氣層厚度之太陽光 (Air Mass ~ sec ，不同 Air Mass 亦代表不同的太陽光光譜) Spectral Irradiance(Wm-2 m-1) • AM 0 (於外太空，不穿過的大氣層) ~ 1, 400 W/m 2 • AM 1 (sec = 1 ~0 o ) ~ 1, 000 W/m 2 • AM 1. 5 (sec =1. 5 ~45 o ) ~ 844 W/m 2 AM 0 2 AM 1. 5 1, 000 W/m (IEC 891、 IEC 904 -1 非自然光源) AM 1 AM 0 AM 1. 5( ~45 o ) 大氣層 地球 AM 1. 5 Wavelength ( m)

Solar Spectral Irradiance ASTM G 173 -03 Reference Spectra Derived from SMARTS v. 2. 9. 2 (垂直分量)

P-n junction

Industrial cell Inverted pyramid textured surface substantially reduces reflection losses and increases absorption probability in the device. ARC：antireflection coating

Absorption 300 K

Analytic model