Human Movement irfan Gerak Dan Fungsi Manusia sepanjang

Human Movement irfan

Gerak Dan Fungsi • Manusia sepanjang daur hidupnya tidak terlepas dari proses gerak. • Mikroskopik (gerak pada tingkatan intra sel) gerak aktual • Kemampuan gerak dan keterampilan proses pembelajaran atau adaptasi • Kualitas kemampuan fungsional – – Fisik (physical), sosial ( social ), emosi ( emotional ) dan mental (mental).

• Pemahaman tentang gerak fungsional (functional movement) • Fungsi Aktivitas (fungsi-fungsi) • Fungsional

• Hubungan Fungsional dan Kesehatan. ICIDH Model Disease Impairment Pathology Alteration of Structur and function Nagi Model Disease Impairment Disability Difficulty perfoming routine tasks Functional Limitation Handicap Significant functional limitation; can, t perform expected tasks Disability Social disadvantage of disability Handicap

MOVEMENT • AROUSAL • ATTENTION • AWAKENESS • MOTIVATION • SAFETY • SENSORY =INFORMATION =VISION, AUDITORY TACTILE, CUTANEOUS PROPRIOCEPTIVE • PERCEPTUAL – COGNITIVE PROCESS • FEEDBACK FEEDFORWARD • BIOMECHANIC ALIGNMENT/MIDLINE BODY SCHEME • MUSCLE PROPERTIES

Components of Normal Movement v Appropriate postural tonus v selective movement v Patterns of movement

Appropriate postural tonus Muscle tone - Tension or resistance in a muscle that may be present in resting muscle or may be the resistance to passive elongation or stretch(Hoppenfeld & Zeide 1994).

Normal Postural Tone It must be high enough to resist gravity, but should be low enough to give way to movement.

Selective movement Means isolated, chosen movement of one joint or segment based on stability through appropriate muscle activity

ASPEK NEUROFISIOLOGI PADA GERAK MANUSIA

IDEATION MOTIVATION PROGRAMMING AREAS Sm CEREBELLUM Ms BASAL GANGLIA VESTIBULAR SYSTEM DEEP NUCLEI BRAIN STEM SPINAL CORD SPECIFIC RECEPTOR 6/13/2021 NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM 11

PERCEPTUAL - MOTOR INTEGRATION MODEL INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT ORGANISATION MEMORY EXPERIENCES (past / present) INTERPRETATION Taking in information from senses : - internal - external Cognitive processing FEEDBACK / FEEDFORWARD critical to learning & adaption of new experiences reinforces observable behaviour provides new input internal / external Planning & executing a response : - motor - behaviour

• Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) – Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) merupakan kumpulan neuron atau sirkuit neurologis yang dapat melakukan koordinasi gerakan secara umum, ritmik dan otomatik

THE SPINAL CORD CONTAINS PROGRAMMES OF MOVEMENT CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS (CPG) n GROUPS OF CELLS THAT PRODUCE AUTOMATIC PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT n CONTAIN PACEMAKER CELLS THAT SET THE TIMING AND RHYTHM OF MOVEMENT

Central Pattern Generators A grouping of neurons or neural circuits that can generate coordinated, rhythmic movements autonomously. It contributes to various vertebrate motor acts including mastication, respiration and locomotion etc.

Central Pattern Generator • Spinal cat-transected spinal cord rhythmic altering contaction Half-center model (Brown, 1911) • Stimulate the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR (Shink, 1996)

Plastisitas Sistem Saraf • Plastisitas otak (neuroplasticity) adalah kemampuan otak melakukan reorganisasi dalam bentuk adanya interkoneksi baru pada saraf. Plastisitas merupakan sifat yang menunjukkan kapasitas otak untuk berubah dan beradabtasi terhadap kebutuhan fungsional.

• Contoh plastisitas Plastisitas : + ? atau -?

Reorganisasi sistem saraf dapat terjadi dalam beberapa bentuk sebagai berikut : • Diaschisis (neural shock) • Unmasking – Merupakan proses yang dapat terjadi antara lain : • Denervation supersensitivity • Silent synapses recruitment • Sprouting • Axonal regeneration • Collateral sprouting

Ipsilateral motor pathway

Secara skematik kerusakan CNS dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut CNS Lesion Abnormal postural tone Effort Abnormal quality of movement Abnormal sensory feedback and feedforward Abnormal quality of movement Abnormal postural tone Compensation

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