HUMAN LEARNING LEARNING AND TRAINING What is Learning

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HUMAN LEARNING

HUMAN LEARNING

LEARNING AND TRAINING What is Learning? What is training? When can we conclude that

LEARNING AND TRAINING What is Learning? What is training? When can we conclude that an organism has learned something?

Training Program Entry Behavior: it involves what your learner already knows. Goals : it

Training Program Entry Behavior: it involves what your learner already knows. Goals : it refers to specific objectives. Methods of training: would you use rewards or punishment? Evaluation procedure: how to evaluate the learner if he had performed and maintained what he or she has learned.

Theories of learning • There are four theories of four psychologists, two representing a

Theories of learning • There are four theories of four psychologists, two representing a Behavioristic viewpoint (Pavlov and Skinner), one representing a rational/cognitive stance ( Ausubel), and one defined as a constructivist school of thought (Rogers).

Pavlov’s classical behaviorism

Pavlov’s classical behaviorism

Classical condition It consists of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses.

Classical condition It consists of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses. All of us are aware that certain stimuli automatically produce or elicit rather specific responses or reflexes and that reflex occurs in responses to stimuli that appears to be indirectly related to the reflex.

Conditioned response

Conditioned response

Skinner’s operant conditioning

Skinner’s operant conditioning

OPERANT CONDITION • Skinner’s operant conditioning attempted to account for most of human learning

OPERANT CONDITION • Skinner’s operant conditioning attempted to account for most of human learning and behavior. • Operant behavior is behavior in which one operates on the environment.

Operants • Operants are classes of responses. Crying, sitting down, walking, and batting a

Operants • Operants are classes of responses. Crying, sitting down, walking, and batting a baseball are operants.

Respondents • Respondents are sets of responses that are elicited by identifiable stimuli. Certain

Respondents • Respondents are sets of responses that are elicited by identifiable stimuli. Certain physical reflex actions are respondents. Crying can be respondent or operant.

Ausbel Meaningful Learning Theory

Ausbel Meaningful Learning Theory

Ausubel’s theory • David Ausubel contended that learning takes place in the human organism

Ausubel’s theory • David Ausubel contended that learning takes place in the human organism through a meaninful process of relative new events or items to already existing cognitive concepts or propositions.

Rote Learning • Ausbel describes rote learning as the process of acquiring a material

Rote Learning • Ausbel describes rote learning as the process of acquiring a material without any relationship with existing knowledge. Rote learning involves the mental storage of items having little or no association with existing cognitive structure.

Meaninful Learning • it is described as a process of relating new material to

Meaninful Learning • it is described as a process of relating new material to previous known material. As new material enters the cognitive field, it is subsumed under a conceptual system. Meaningful learning is the process in where the new information becomes an integral part of already established categories of knowledge.

Distinction between rote and meaningful learning • The distinction between rote and meaningful learning

Distinction between rote and meaningful learning • The distinction between rote and meaningful learning is expressed in the retention, or long term memory. • We can remember an unfamiliar phone number for a little time. This is called rote learning. However, we can remember an address, symbol or even phone number using meaningful learning because we can relate the new to old information.

Rogers’s humanistic psychology

Rogers’s humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology • Rogers studied the whole person as a physical and cognitive, but

Humanistic psychology • Rogers studied the whole person as a physical and cognitive, but primarily emotional, being. His formal principles focused on the development of an individual’s self concept and of his or her personal sense of reality, those internal forces that cause a person to act. •

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