Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV Prevention Complications TriDivision AAIM

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Complications Tri-Division AAIM Advisory, July 2 – 5, 2018 ECD HQ’s, Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Fesaha Tsegaye, Director, Health Ministries & HIV/AIDS Coordinator for East-Central Africa Division

Introduction HIV, the virus that causes AIDS has become one of the world’s most serious health, social, political, security and developments challenges.

Introduction • HIV has gone from a deadly disease to manageable condition. • There is still no known cure for HIV but can be treated. “TEST AND TREAT”

“To start treatment, regardless of the viral load, as soon as the diagnosis. ” (WHO Recommendation)

In 2017

People living with HIV Ø 34. 5 million were adults Ø 17. 8 million were women (15+ years) Ø 2. 1 million were children (<15 years)

New HIV Infection 1. 8 million people became newly infected with HIV in 2017. (UNAIDS Report, 2017)

Global HIV Statistics 1 million people died from AIDSrelated illnesses in 2017. (UNAIDS Report, 2017)

PLWH Accessing ART ü 20. 9 million people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy. ü 53% of all people living with HIV had access to treatment. ü 76% of pregnant women living with HIV had access to antiretroviral medicines to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies. (UNAIDS Report, 2017)

HIV Infection The right treatment can prevent HIV from developing into AIDS & extend life expectancy.

Life expectancy Ø The shortened life expectancy linked with untreated AIDS isn’t a direct result of the syndrome itself. Ø It is the result of the diseases and complications that arise from having an immune system weakened by AIDS.

Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition called AIDS. At that point, the immune system is too weak to fight off other diseases and infections. Untreated, life expectancy with AIDS is about three years. With treatment, on ART, HIV can be wellcontrolled & life expectancy can be nearly the same as some one who has not contracted HIV.

HIV-Related Complications HIV infection weakens your immune system: 1. Opportunistic infections 2. Opportunistic cancer 3. Other complications

HIV-Related Opportunistic Infections Brain: • Toxoplasmosis: this parasitic infection commonly attack people with CD 4 cell counts below 200. • Cryptococcal Meningitis: this fungal infection spread to the brain. Left untreated, the infecion is often fatal.

Lungs • Tuberculosis (TB) • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Mouth and Throat • Candidiasis (Thrush)

Intestine • Cryptosporidiosis

Skin • Herpes Zoster • Herpes Simplex • Shingles

Eyes • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis: this is a serious viral infection of the retina, (eye).

HIV-Related Complications Cancers common to HIV/AIDS • Kaposi’s Sarcoma • Lymphoma • Cancer of the anus • Cancer of the rectum • Cancer of the cervix

Kaposi Sarcoma

HIV-Related complication Other complications • Wasting Syndrome • Neurological complications (AIDS Dementia) • Kidney disease

ABC of Prevention HIV

Prevention Strategies • • • Pharmaceutical Social strategies Advertising and campaigns Sexual contact Before exposure After exposure

…Prevention Strategies • • • Follow up care Mother-to-child Vaccination Gene Therapy New Treatments

Prevention strategies Pharmaceutical • Treatments for STI • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (Pr. EP) • Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) • Perinatal HIV transmission • Passive Antibody Transfer

HIV Prevention • • Safer Sex Avoid sharing needles Consider PEP Consider Pr. EP

Living with HIV Steps to help PLWH: Improve their health: • Diet: well-balanced • Exercise regularly • Rest • Avoid tobacco & alcohol & other drugs • See their doctor regularly • Emotional health • Safer sex practices • Get Support: family, relatives, health professionals, church members, etc

Life expectancy • • Factors that affect life expectancy for a PLWH: CD 4 cell count Viral load Serious HIV-related illnesses Drug use Smoking Access, adherence, and response to treatment ART

Vaccine for HIV • Currently there are no vaccines to prevent or treat HIV. • There are on going experiment e. g. In South Africa, Uganda, etc • HIV is a complicated virus. • It mutates rapidly

Prevention is the cure

HIV TREATMENT

HIV DRUGS

What can the Church do… • • • Information, Education & Communication Counseling Home based care Support to the infected & affected Spiritual nurutring

In Summary • Living a long and healthy life with HIV is now possible and attainable. • But that does not mean your HIV management ends with medication. • The best way to prevent complications of HIV is to take excellent care of yourself, both mentally, physically and spiritually.

Prevention Strategies • Abstinence (100%)