Human Geography Places and Regions in Global Context

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 5 e Chapter 3: Geographies of Population Paul L. Knox & Sallie A. Marston Power. Point Author: Keith M. Bell

Geographies of Populations Population geographers depend on a wide array of data sources to assess the geography of populations. Population geographers investigate “the why of where. ” Two important factors that make up population dynamics are birth and death. Push and pull factors impact the movement of populations around the globe. UN Millennium Summit: How can the global economy provide the world’s growing population with enough food and water and still support a sustainable environment? Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

World Population Density, 2006 Degree of accessibility, topography, soil fertility, climate and weather, water availability and quality, and type and availability of other natural resources are some of the factors that shape population distribution. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

The Demographer’s Toolbox Demography is the study of the characteristics of human populations. A census is a straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city. Population experts employ data sources like vital records, which is a report of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and the incidence of certain infectious diseases. No census is entirely comprehensive (or comprehensible). All censuses tend to under-represent nonmainstream kinds of households, as well as homeless individuals. Federal funding can have a real impact onand peoples’ lives. Knox/Marston: Places Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Distribution of Egypt, 2004 Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition

Population Density and Composition One way to explore population dynamics is in terms of density, a numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people and some other unit of interest expressed as a ratio. Crude density is the total number of people divided by total land area. Nutritional density is the ratio between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit of area. Agricultural density is the ratio between the number of agriculturists per unit of farmable land in a specific area. Geodemographic analysis is the practice of assessing the location and composition of particular populations. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Density: Melbourne, Australia Melbourne represents a classic low-density urban settlement predicated on a quarteracre home and garden enabled by the widespread use of automobiles. Since the 1990 s, Melbourne has begun to address this sprawling urban form through infill. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Density: Tokyo, Japan Urban form in Tokyo is the result of many factors. Most important in terms of its population size is its role as a central node in the world systems of cities. The urban economy is complex, requiring a wide range of labor skills from professional and managerial to low-skilled, service-oriented workers. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Health Care Density In this cartogram (a map/diagram fusion) , the core countries and China have the highest ratio of doctors to overall population. Most of Africa has the lowest ratio, reflecting another dimension of core –periphery inequality. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Pyramids, 2006 The shape of an age–sex pyramid varies depending on the proportion of people in each cohort. The pyramid for the peripheral countries reveals that many dependent children, ages 0– 14, exist relative to the rest of the population. The core countries pyramid illustrates the typical shape for a country experiencing low birthrates. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

GIS Applications and Google Earth The key to using GIS effectively in marketing is the ability to link demographic data to particular locations. This is known as georeferencing. Demographic data are linked to ZIP codes and telephone prefix zones. Is it a meaningful spatial relationship? GIS is often used in locational analysis, determining where to locate a business. The potential for invasion of privacy through the coupling of different sorts of data sets is very real. Google Earth enables users to go anywhere on Earth by way of satellite imagery, maps, terrain models, and 3 -D buildings. But skeptics believe it is a surveillance mechanism in disguise. Geospatial technologies offer solutions to complex problems, but also frighten others who foresee Orwellian outcomes. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

U. S. Boomers, 1969– 2000 Youth cohort: ages 0– 14 Old-age cohort: 65+ Middle cohort: ages 15– 64 Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Uses of Population Pyramids Age–sex pyramids can vary within different census tracts of the same city. The tracts show that even within a city, variation in populations can be substantial. Information like this can be very valuable in decision-making and policymaking at varying government levels, as well as marketing through targeted mailings. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

U. S. Baby Boom Crude Birthrate How do population geographers and demographers mark the beginning and end of a generation? What are these statisticians and analysts calling your generation? Is this a fitting moniker? Who belongs in your generation? Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Baby Boom and the Aging Population Demographic Factors Political and Economic Factors The Aging of the Population The Impacts on Younger Americans Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Generation X (1965– 1975) Naming the next generation: Generation Y or Echo Boomers, i. Generation or Net. Generation Copyright © 2010 Pearson

The Net Generation Members of the Net Generation, people who are currently in their late teens to late twenties, are faced with the awesome burden of having to help support a huge, aging, baby boom population. They are likely to continue to drive demand around increasingly sophisticated personal technology. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

World Crude Birthrate, 2007 Crude birthrates and crude death rates are often indicators of the levels of economic development in individual countries. The doubling time is a measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

World Crude Death Rates, 2007 The global pattern of crude death rates varies from crude birthrates. Most apparent is that the difference between highest and lowest crude death rates is relatively smaller than is the case for crude birthrates, reflecting the impact of factors related to the middle phases of the demographic transition. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Total Fertility Rate and Birth Control Birth control programs coupled with improved educational and economic opportunities for women have proved to be far more effective than birth control policies alone. But in India, a good example of a pluralistic society, issues of ethnicity complicate things because one ethnic group is fearful that if it limits births, it will soon be outnumbered by another ethnic group. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

World Rates of Natural Increase, 2007 The difference between the CBR and CDR is the rate of natural increase, the surplus of births over deaths; or the rate of natural decrease, the deficit of births relative to deaths. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Demographic Transition Model A demographic transition is a model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates. Once a society moves from a preindustrial economic base to an industrial one, population grows more slowly. The slowing of population growth is attributable to improved economic production and higher standards of living brought about by better health care, education, and sanitation. Some experts insist that the usefulness of the model is applicable only to the demographic history of core countries. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

World Infant Mortality Rate, 2007 The geography of poverty underlies the patterns on this map. These rates reflect a number of factors including inadequate or completely absent maternal health care, as well as poor nutrition for infants. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Migration Patterns Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright

Mobility and Migration Mobility may be used to describe a wide array of human movement, ranging from a journey to work to an ocean-spanning permanent move. Emigration and immigration International migration and internal migration Gross migration and net migration Push factors vs. pull factors Voluntary migration vs. forced migration Refugees, IDPs, guest workers, and transnational migrants Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Internal Voluntary Migration: Suburbanization By the early twentieth century, residents fled to the suburbs to get away from the new immigrants and their increasing hold over urban political machines. Automobile dependency and energy costs in the twenty-first century will likely impact the suburbs (and exurbs further out) in a negative way. A general migration trend to the west and south is apparent over the past century. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Internal Forced Migration: Ethiopia Another causality of ecological catastrophe is Ethiopia where late rains, failure of crops, and soaring food prices have led to severe food crisis and dislocation. This population dislocation caused by the degradation of land essential natural resources is called eco-migration. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Debates and Policies Thomas Malthus and Neo. Malthusians Food is necessary to the existence of humans. The passion between the sexes is necessary and constant. William Godwin, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels Human knowledge can overcome population pressures with technology and equitable distribution of resources. Moderates of this “population and resources” argument see the issue not as a population or economic problem, but a political one. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Population Policies and Programs Improving the economic status of women is central to the success of controlling population growth (as with these Afghani girls). Access to education and employment security are seen as critical factors shaping a woman’s decisions about how many children to have and when to have them. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson

UN World Summit—MDGs The MDGs reflect the neoliberal turn in international development, with the intent of enabling peripheral countries to achieve core economic standards of wealth and prosperity. Knox/Marston: Places and Regions in Global Context, Fifth Edition Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson