Human Geography Models Demographic Transition Model Stage One

Human Geography Models

Demographic Transition Model

Stage One • Every country in the world has moved out of Stage 1 and into at least Stage 2 • High CBR’s and CDR’s: (Roughly around 35 to 40 per 1, 000) • Agricultural Revolution: (8000 B. C. E. ): huge boost in population but remained in Stage 1 because of unpredictable harvests, wars, famine, and disease.

Stage 2 • CDR drops significantly: • Industrial Revolution: caused population to grow 10 x faster. • 1750 grew 500, 000 1800 grew 5 million • Infrastructure improved: sewers installed; food and water supply safeguarded from contamination. • CBR stays high. NIR very high because of gap between CDR and CBR

Stage 2 • Europe and North America entered stage 2 around 1800 • Most other countries (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) around 1950 Medical Revolution: caused Africa, Asia, and Latin America to push into stage 2; Unlike Europe and North America. Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to LDC’s.

Stage 3 • CBR’s drop because of conscious decision to have fewer children. • CDR continues to fall but at a slower rate than in stage 2. Population continues to grow but at slower rates. • Growth of Cities

Stage 3 • Europe and North America moved to Stage 3 during the first half of the 20 th century • Latin America and Asia moved to stage 3 more recently • Many African nations are still in stage 2 One and What were we thinking? done son!

Stage 4 • When CBR and CDR equal one another. • (Around 10 per 1, 000) NIR equals zero. Zero Population Growth: • CBR may be slightly higher than CDR because some females die before they reproduce. • During ZPG Total Fertility Rates are more often measured. When the TFR is 2. 1 the population replaces itself and there is no growth (or decline)

Epidemiologic Transition Model Why do we die?

Stage 1: Epidemics and Natural Checks (pestilence and famine) • Epidemics: The Black Plague (Bubonic Plague) • Natural Checks: animal and human attacks as well as accidents. Famine

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics • Pandemic: a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population. • At first crowded cities and living conditions kept death rates high. Cholera spread easily through crowded urban centers. • Why: improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced spread of these diseases.

Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases • Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging. Cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks) and cancer • Vaccines are responsible for this decline.

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases • Medical advances prolong life by helping people with cardiovascular diseases and cancer to live longer. • People are more aware of these diseases and practice better lifestyles to avoid them. Dieting and exercising.

Stage 5: Evolution of Infectious Diseases • Some say we are moving into a stage 5 • Evolution: microbes constantly develop resistance to drugs and new strands emerge. • Improved Travel causes further spread; cars connect urban to rural. Airplanes connect countries

Gravity Model Migration Large places attract more people Closer places are of higher attraction Therefore people will migrate to the next largest city. • “migration between two places is directly proportionate to population and inversely proportionate to distance” • •

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • Migrants travel short distance • Migrants who travel far tend to go to larger cities. • Rural residents are more likely to migrate than urban. • Families less likely to migrate across national borders.

Chain Migration

Language Trees 1. Indo European 2. Sino-Tibetan 3. Niger-Congo • Family (Indo European) – Branch (Germanic) • Group (West Germanic) 1. Mandarin Chinese 2. Spanish –Language (English) 3. English » Dialect (Southern, New England, etc. )

Universalizing vs Ethnic Religion • Christianity • Buddhism • Islam How do they tie into diffusion? Largest? • Hinduism • Judaism Fastest Growing?

Theories of World Domination

Heartland Theory by Mac. Kinder • suggests that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world. • Eastern Europe contained one of the richest agricultural regions, which could sustain a large population. • Also, raw materials were available to build a military and industrial base. • Hitler believed in this theory.

Heartland Theory

Rimland Theory by Spykman • believes that forming alliances is necessary to keep the Heartland in check. • Heartland may control the land but the Rimland will control the sea. • To the north of the Heartland is icebound ocean. • The Rimland would use the oceans to contain the Heartland.

• How do these theories tie into the Economic/Industrialization Unit? • How do these theories tie into the Agricultural Unit?

Domino Theory • when one country experiences rebellion or political unrest, other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result, leading to a domino effect. • Developed by US in the 1960’s and 1970’s on communism.

Organic Theory of Colonialism • the state is like a living entity that constantly needed to grow and thrive. States constantly need new territory to meet the demands of their ever-growing population. ~Friedrich Ratzel

3 main reasons for colonizing • GOD – Europeans spreading Christianity. – Persecuted religious minorities emigrate to establish colonies • GLORY • GOLD – El Dorado

Main Colonizers • • British- America (Settlement) French- Canada (Settlement) Spain- Latin America (Land ) Portuguese- Brazil (Sea) • How do these tie into Language and Religion? • Diffusion?

Dependency Theory • Many countries are poor today because of their colonization by European powers. • Former colonies have not been able to heal from the imperial domination established by the colonizers. • The continued economic dependence of new states on their former colonial masters is called neocolonialism

World Systems by Wallerstein • • Divides the world into three groups Core: Economically developed Periphery: Undeveloped economies Semi-Periphery: developing economies • Wallerstein argues that the Core can only exist by exploiting the peripheral countries. So we will never have 100% of the countries in the world fully developed.

Territorial Morphology Examples

Compact

Prorupted

Elongated

Fragmented

Perforated

First Agricultural Revolution • AKA Neolithic Revolution • People began to discover how to bring the food to them rather than chasing their food. • Leads to domestication of animals and the development of civilizations.

• Vegetative Planting: removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant. • Seed Agriculture: planting seeds of existing plants to produce new plants. – Practice more often today than V. P.

Second Agricultural Revolution • Used technology of Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products on farms. • 1750 -1900 Occurred in MDC’s • Transportation advancements were crucial in getting food to markets before they spoil • Cause a reduction in the number of farmers

Third Agricultural Revolution • AKA Green Revolution • Involves the use of biotechnology or genetic engineering. • Increase in the use of chemical fertilizers. • Diffused to LDC’s in the 1970’s • More food to reduce starvation

Third Agricultural Revolution • Negative effects: • Higher-yielding crop strains are often more prone to viruses and pest infestations. • Many of these new crops (rice and wheat) cannot be grown in dryer African regions where hunger is a problem • Created economic inequalities. • Health problems from chemicals • Overwork the land

Von Thunen’s Model of Agriculture Land Use Peep this model class

Year 1826 • Model suggests that certain crops are grown in direct relation to their distance from the market. • If the farmer grows products that don’t fit the model, the farmer will go bankrupt from the increased cost of production and transportation.

• The central marketplace is surrounded by agriculture rings. • Moving outward from the marketplace, the farming activities change from intensive to more extensive.

1. Market Gardening Activities and Dairy: • heavy, bulky, products. Why: – Spoil factor – Weight and mass raises transportation costs.

2. Forestry: • woodlots where trees are cut for resources. Why: -weight increases transportation costs.

3. Mixed Crop and Livestock • Why: -land is cheaper, further from urban centers -livestock is transported to town only a couple times a year, reducing costs.

4. Extensive Pastoral Grazing Why: -price of land amount of land needed.

Things Not Considered by Von Thunen Why you gotta poke holes in my Theory dog? • - physical features of the land • -assumes all land is the same quality • -social customs and govt. policies influence what is grown.

Von Thunen Model Today • • Refrigeration and food preservation Improved transportation Regional and global markets Urbanization has eliminated many “Forest” zones close to the market.

• How does Von Thunen’s Model Tie into Weber’s Least Coast Theory? Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies) Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips) Market Industrial Point Peas Carrots Salt Potatoes

• What are the site factors that Weber ignores? Weight-Gaining Product (Canned Veggies) Weight-Losing Product (Potatoes Chips) Market Industrial Point Peas Carrots Salt Potatoes

Human Development Index • • • 0 -1 (1 is the highest) Life Expectancy Literacy Education Standard of Living (GDP)

Economic Sectors • Primary: basic activities: farming, extracting resources • Secondary: manufacturing, processing • Tertiary: moving , selling, and trading the products made in secondary industries. Also includes services; examples: banking, law, education, govt.

Economic Sectors • Quaternery: collecting, processing, and manipulation of information. • Quinery: high level management, scientific research, complex decision making.

Rostow’s Model of Development (AKA Take-off Model) “Model” suggests today’s MDC’s passed through these stages and that LDC’s will pass through these stages as they develop.

Stage 1: Traditional Society: • Workforce: primary sector • Economy: Trade between farmers and their agriculture products • Description: mostly subsistence farming

Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff (transitional phase): • Workforce: shifting from primary to secondary sector • Economy: investment in entrepreneurial activities (Things that will ultimately stimulate and increase productivity. ) Transportation and infrastructure improve. • Description: expendable income begins to rise allowing more people to invest.

Stage 3: The Take Off • Workforce: a few industries successfully shifted to secondary • Economy: more companies become involved in manufacturing • Description: growth takes place near urban centers but only in a few industries. These industries improve technology and increase productivity.

Stage 4: The Drive to Maturity • Description: same as “the take off” stage except the technology is now being diffused and integrated into all areas of the manufacturing sector

Stage 5: The Age of Mass Consumption • Workforce: shifting from secondary to tertiary sector • Economy: producing consumer goods • Description: workers have become highly skilled in their professions. • Productivity, earnings, and savings are at alltime highs.

Comparing Urban Structures

United States Cities • Central Business District: a downtown area that serves as the commercial center • Agglomeration shown in Shopping malls. • Lowerclass found in center of cities and upperclass on the outskirts (suburbs)

Eastern vs Western US • Eastern: narrow streets; public transportation such as subways/trains • Western: spread out; grid system; dependency on interstate highway system

European Cities • Dendritic Patterns: cities were built for travel on foot. • Preservation of old buildings • Skyscrapers built on the outskirts of cities due to old pre-established center. • Green-Belts: pockets of land that are to be left undeveloped.

Latin American Cities • “Spine” of high-income residential areas Squatter Settlements develop along outskirts of cities.

• • Asian Cities Economically advanced Coastal cities built for trade Specific zones foreign companies Densely populated = high skyscrapers Hong Kong

African Cities • Many are molded after their former colonial owners. • Lack public transportation and infrastructure. • Dirty roads. • Huge unorganized markets Lagos, Nigeria

• Central Place Theory: explains the size and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services – Threshold: the minimum number of customers needed for a service or product to succeed. • depending on the service it is not just the number of people but the type of people. – Range: the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to purchase a product or service. • people tend to go to the nearest available service

• Low-Order Products: are bought frequently on a regular basis people are not typically willing to travel long distances to gain these items/services (gas, groceries, coffee) • High Order Products: are bought less frequently and people are typically willing to travel longer distances to obtain these items/services. (luxury items, medical specialists, entertainment)

The Gravity Model • Gravity Model: the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Rank-Size Rule: • a country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. • This is said to be a characteristic of MDC’s. Example: Largest city =100, 000 people 2 nd: 50, 000 (100, 000 x ½) 3 rd: 33, 333 (100, 000 x 1/3) 4 th: 25, 000 (100, 000 x ¼) 5 th: 20, 000 (100, 000 x 1/5)

Primate City Rule • the largest settlement (Primate City) has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. London 7 million: Birmingham 1 million Paris 10 million: Marseilles 1. 5 million Buenos Aires 12 million : Rosario 1. 2 million Mexico City 9 million: Guadalajara 2 million

Concentric Ring Model (Burgess)

Bid Rent Curve • Rent and population density decline as you move further away from the center of the city. • This aligns with the agriculture unit