Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key

Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key Issue 3 Why Do Ethnicities Clash? 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 1

Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality The Horn of Africa and central Africa are the two areas where conflicts among ethnic groups have been particularly complex and brutal. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 2

Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Especially severe problems have been found in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia, as well as the neighboring country of Sudan. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 3

The Horn of Africa 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 4

Ethiopia and Eritrea Ø Eritrea, located along the Red Sea, became an Italian colony in 1890. Ø Ethiopia, an independent country for more than 2, 000 years, was captured by Italy during the 1930 s. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 5

Ethiopia and Eritrea 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 6

Ethiopia and Eritrea Ø After World War II, Ethiopia regained its independence. Ø The United Nations awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia. Ø The Eritreans rebelled, beginning a 30 -year fight for independence (1961 -1991). 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 7

Ethiopia and Eritrea Ø In 1991 Eritrean rebels defeated the Ethiopian army. Ø In 1993 Eritrea became an independent state. Ø Eritrea has nine major ethnic groups. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 8

Sudan A civil war has raged since the 1980 s between two ethnicities, - In the south; the black Christian and animist. - In the north; the Arab Muslim-dominated government. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 9

Sudan 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 10

Sudan The black southerners have been resisting government attempts to convert the country from a multi-ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 11

Somalia Ø On the surface, Somalia should face fewer ethnic divisions than its neighbors in the Horn of Africa. Ø Somalis are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims and speak Somali. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 12

Somalia 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 13

Somalia With the collapse of a national government in Somalia, various clans and sub-clans claimed control over portions of the country. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 14

Somalia In 1992, after an estimated 300, 000 people died from famine and from warfare between clans, the United States sent troops to Somalia to protect delivery of food and to reduce the number of weapons in the hands of the clan armies. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 15

Blackhawk Down 18 U. S. Army Rangers were killed when Somali militias shot down two military helicopters in October 1993. The United States suspects the Somalis were trained by al Qaeda, and the event was dramatized in the movie 'Black Hawk Down. ' 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 16

Somalia After peace talks among the clans collapsed in 1994, U. S. troops withdrew. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 17

Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Ø Lebanon has been severely damaged by fighting among religious factions since the 1970 s. Ø No census has been taken in Lebanon since 1932. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 18

Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Ø Current estimate is about 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, and 10% other. Ø About 7% of the population is Druze (a religion combines elements of Islam and Christianity). 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 19

Lebanon When Lebanon became independent in 1943, the constitution required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of Deputies according to its % in the 1932 census. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 20

Lebanon By unwritten convention, the president of Lebanon was a Maronite Christian, the premier a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim, and the foreign minister a Greek Orthodox Christian. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 21

Lebanon Ø When the governmental system was created, Christians constituted a majority and controlled the country's main businesses. Ø As the Muslims became the majority, they demanded political and economic equality. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 22

Lebanon’s distribution of religion 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 23

Lebanon Ø A civil war broke out in 1975, and each religious group formed a private army or militia to guard its territory. Ø Syria, Israel, and the United States sent troops into Lebanon at various points to try to restore peace. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 24

Lebanon Ø In 1983, 241 U. S. marines died when a truck bomb blew up their barracks resulting in U. S. withdrawal. Ø After several years of occupation, Syria finally withdrew its troops in April 2005 as a result of massive demonstrations. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 25

Dividing Ethnicities among More Than One State Newly independent countries were often created to separate two ethnicities. However, two ethnicities can rarely be segregated completely. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 26

South Asia The British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 27

Dividing Ethnicities in South Asia Antagonism between Hindus and Muslims was so great the British decided to place them in separate states. Pakistan for the Muslims India for the Hindus 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 28

Forced Migration The partition of South Asia into two states resulted in massive migration, because the two boundaries did not correspond precisely to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 29

Forced Migration in South Asia 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 30

Extremists Attacks Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed attempting to reach the other side of the new border by people from the rival religion. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 31

Kashmir Since 1972 the Pakistan and India have maintained a "line of control" through the region. Muslims, who comprise a majority in both portions, have fought a guerrilla war to secure reunification of Kashmir, either as part of Pakistan or as an independent country. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 32

Kashmir 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 33

Sikhs India's religious unrest is further complicated by the majority presence of 19 million Sikhs in Punjab, who have long resented that they were not given their own independent country when India was partitioned. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 34

Sikh Family 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 35

Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), an island country of 20 million inhabitants off the Indian coast, has been torn by fighting between the Buddhist Sinhalese and the Hindu Tamils. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 36

Sri Lanka 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 37

Sinhalese Comprise 74% of Sri Lanka's population, migrated from northern India in the 5 th century B. C. , occupying the southern portion of the island. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 38

Tamils 18% of Sri Lanka's populationmigrated across the narrow 50 mile-wide Palk Strait from India beginning in the 3 rd century B. C. and occupied the northern part of the island. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 39

Ethnic Dispute in Sri Lanka The dispute between Sri Lanka's two ethnicities extends back more than 2, 000 years but was suppressed during 300 years of European control. Since independence in 1948, Sinhalese have dominated. 05 January 2022 S. Mathews 40