Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science
- Slides: 64
Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Handheld Devices for Control Brad A. Myers bam@cs. cmu. edu http: //www. cs. cmu. edu/~pebbles
Handheld Devices l Handheld Devices for: l l Communication As a “Personal Information Manager” As a “Personal Digital Assistant” As a PC replacement l l “Pocket. PC” Handheld Devices for Remote Control of other devices l l Remote Control of PCs Remote Control of appliances Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 2
Problem l Appliances are too complex Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 3
Problem l Too many remotes Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 4
Problem l April 8, 1991 Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 5
Approach l Use a personal handheld device as an Interface to the PC and to the Appliances Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 6
History of Communication l Parc. Tab – continuous communication l Early “organizers” – no communication l Newton – extra cost for synchronization l Palm – Hot. Sync once a day l Windows. CE/Pocket. PC – Active. Sync once a day Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 7
Now, Handhelds will be Communicating l 802. 11 Toshiba e 740 HP i. Paq 3870 l Blue. Tooth l Cell-phone network (G 3) l (Infrared) l (Wires or cradle) Microsoft Smart. Phone Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 8
Premises of our Research “With the coming wireless technologies, connecting the PCs and PDAs together will no longer be an occasional event for synchronization. Instead, the devices will frequently be in close, interactive communication. ” — Brad Myers, “Using Hand-Held Devices and PCs Together, ” Comm. ACM, Vol. 44, No. 11. Nov. , 2001. pp. 34 - 41. Carnegie Mellon 9
Pebbles Project l l Performed as part of the Pebbles Project Overall goal: Use of multiple devices at the same time l l l Palm and desktop PC Mobile Phone and “Smart Home” Multiple handhelds in a meeting Pocket PC and appliances Multiple users with their devices Single user with multiple devices Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 10
Pebbles is: P DAs for E ntry of B oth B ytes and L ocations from E xternal S ources. http: //www. pebbles. hcii. edu/ Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 11
Controlling a PC Remote Commander l Slide Show Commander l “Semantic Snarfing” l Shortcutter l http: //www. pebbles. hcii. edu/
Remote Commander l Allow PDAs to control a PC Can be used with any application l Uses the standard (single) cursor l Don’t have to jump up and grab mouse l All mouse and keyboard functions l Use PDA like touchpad l Graffiti or our own pop-up keyboard l l Word prediction and completion Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 13
Pocket. PC version l l Get PC’s screen onto Pocket. PC Full view, or one-to-one zooming l l Scroll with i. Paq’s buttons Control or scribble Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 14
For People with Muscular Disabilities l Using handhelds as interface to PCs l People with Muscular Dystrophy have fine-motor control but lose gross motor control l l Difficulties with mouse and keyboard, but stylus OK So use Remote Commander as PC’s keyboard and mouse Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 15
NEW! l Alphabet for Accurate Gestures Use a square hole in a template to increase accuracy l l Just as easy to learn as Graffiti™ 18% more accurate for able novices (p<. 02) Patent Pending Also works with joystick Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 16
Shared Clipboard l Transfer information among your personal devices l l l E. g. , between PDA and PC Also between multiple computers Connect all clipboards together Transfer content or reference Works with all applications Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 17
Power Point Control l l Use PC to give the presentation Use hand-held to control the PC l l Two-way communication Hand-held shows picture of slide, notes, timer Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 18
Slide. Show Commander, cont. l l l See list of slide titles Scribble Tap on on-screen buttons and links Preview other slides Control demonstrations Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 19
Control at a Distance l Controlling a PC from across the room l l Use a laser pointer? l l Meetings, etc. Studies “Semantic Snarfing” l Grab contents to handheld Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 20
Shortcutter l l User-created panels of controls Create custom interfaces and extensions to PC applications l l l And then take them with you Direct manipulation for edit, then set properties Pocket. PC or Palm Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 21
Shortcutter Widgets l Buttons l Virtual Joy stick l Virtual Knob l Sliders l Mouse pad l Gesture panel Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 22
Scenarios of Use l Lean-back mail reading l Controlling media players l … and many others Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 23
Controlling Appliances l l Ph. D research of Jeffrey Nichols Assisted by undergrads and MS students http: //www. pebbles. hcii. edu/puc/
Problem l Too many complex devices, each with its own idiosyncratic interface l l l l Stereo system Telephones ATM Fax machine Photocopier Hotel alarm clock Increasingly computerized Low usability
Existing “universal” controls Pre-programmed at the factory with a subset, l Or, laboriously hand-programmed by the user l Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 26
Our Approach l l Handheld is a “Personal Universal Controller” (PUC) Two-way communication l l Appliance describes its functions Handheld PUC l Automatically creates interface l Controls the appliance l Displays feedback about appliance status Specifications Control Feedback Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 27
Automatic Generation of UIs l Benefits l All interfaces consistent for a user With conventions of the handheld l Even from multiple manufacturers l l Addresses hotel alarm clock problem Can take into account user preferences l Multiple modalities (GUI + Speech UI) l l A Hard Problem l Previous automatic systems have not generated high quality interfaces Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 28
Research Challenges 1. Automatic Design of Graphical User Interfaces 2. Automatic Design of Speech User Interfaces 3. Connection with real devices l l l Through various protocols X-10, AV/C, HAVi, UPn. P, etc. Also, custom hardware and software Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 29
Hand-Generated Graphical Interfaces l First, Hand-Designed Pocket. PC interfaces: l l l AIWA Shelf Stereo (Tape, CD, Tuner) AT&T Telephone/Answering Machine Used Embedded Visual Basic Ensured quality with heuristic analysis and think-aloud studies Compared with manufacturer’s interfaces Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 30
Results of Comparison l l Using PUC, users took 50% less time & made 50% fewer errors All differences are significant (p < 0. 05) Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 31
Current PUC Specification Language l l XML Full documentation for the specification language and protocol: http: //www. pebbles. hcii. cmu. edu/puc/ l Contains sample specification for a stereo Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 32
Properties of PUC Language l State variables & commands l Each can have multiple labels l l Typed variables l l l Useful when not enough room Base types: Boolean, string, enumerated, integers, fixed-point, floating-point, etc. Optional labels for values Hierarchical Structure l Groups Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 33
Dependency Information l l Crucial for high-quality interfaces Expressed as <active-if> clauses l Operations: l l Combined Logically l l Equals, Less-Than, Greater-Than AND, OR Used for: l l l Dynamic graying out Layout Widget selection Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 34
Specifications l Have working specifications for: l l l l l Audiophase stereo X-10 lights control Sony Cam. Corder Windows Media Player Audio Re. Quest hardware MP 3 player Win. Amp Media Player Elevator Parts of GMC Yukon Denali SUV Etc. Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 35
Controller Generators l i. Paq Pocket. PC l Smart. Phone l No touchscreen l Desktop (Tablet. PC) l Speech Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 36
Examples of Generated GUIs Shelf stereo Brad Myers Windows Media Player Carnegie Mellon 37
Generating Speech Interfaces l “Universal Speech Interface” (USI) project l l l Creates grammar, language model and pronunciation dictionary from PUC specification l l Prof. Roni Rosenfeld of CMU http: //www. cs. cmu. edu/~usi Pronunciation from labels using phonetic rules Can provide other pronunciations as labels for fine-tuning Will use dependency information to help with disambiguation and explanation Supports queries and spoken feedback l Paraphrases as confirmation Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 38
Adaptors l “Adaptors” provide the interface to existing (and future) appliances If do not support specification language directly Custom hardware l AV/C (standard protocol) l Sony Cam. Corder Custom software l Lutron l HAVi l Windows Media Player l UPn. P X-10 l Axis Camera l l l Light switches, etc. Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 39
Demonstration l l Sony Cam. Corder Windows Media Player Simulated automobile Two way communication: l l When state changes from application or appliance, GUI is updated Can query state with speech Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 40
Future Work on PUC l Controlling User “Experiences” l l Consistency for Users l l One command for multiple devices Play a DVD sets DVD, cable, TV Setting alarm clock sets heat, coffee, car And user preferences More devices l l UPn. P Etc. Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 41
For More Information l Many papers on the Pebbles web site l l On PUC and other work Most programs available for free downloading: http: //www. cs. cmu. edu/~pebbles l Slide. Show Commander was licensed for commercial sale Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 42
Conclusions l l As more and more electronics are computerized and communicating, mobile devices can help control them Handheld devices can improve the user interfaces of everything else l Not just be another gadget to be learned Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 43
Thanks to Pebbles Students l This research performed by a large number of students since 1997: Htet Aung Rishi Bhatnagar Ben Bostwick Franklin Chen Yu Shan Chuang Karen Cross Carl Evankovich Marc Khadpe Dave Kong Chun-Kwok Lee Joonhwan Lee Brad Myers Jennifer Li Yuhua Li Leo Lie Jack Lin Kevin Litwack A. Chris Long Rob Miller Jeff Nichols Choon Hong Peck Mathilde Pignol Suporn Pongnumkul Carnegie Mellon Rajesh Seenichamy Pegeen Shen Herbert Stiel Jeff Stylos Claire Tokar Marsha Tjandra Adrienne Warmack Jacob O. Wobbrock Jerry Yang Sunny Yang Brian Yeung 44
Thanks to Our Sponsors! The Pebbles research is supported by grants from: DARPA Microsoft NSF General Motors NEC Foundation Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse And equipment grants from: Hewlett Packard Lucent Technologies Lantronix, Inc. Lutron, Inc. Mitsubishi Palm Computing Brad Myers Symbol Technologies IBM SMART Technologies Vivid. Logic Synergy Solutions Handango Carnegie Mellon 45
Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Handheld Devices for Control Brad A. Myers bam@cs. cmu. edu http: //www. cs. cmu. edu/~pebbles
Black, followed by HAVi
Pebbles PUC Project use of the Home Audio Visual Interface
About HAVi l Home Audio Visual Interface l l Protocol for controlling appliances over IEEE 1394 (i. LINK® or Fire. Wire®) cables l l http: //www. havi. org Mostly used for video equipment Supported by various Mitsubishi and RCA high-end products Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 49
Our Goals for HAVi l Want to: l l Detect HAVi devices on Firewire bus Automatically create PUC specification from device capabilities Control all of the appliance’s features using a PC as a server (proxy) HAVi seems to have appropriate features for these Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 50
HAVi Experience l MERL donated l l l A 65 -inch high-definition TV (WS-65909) A high definition digital VCR (HS-HD 2000 U) Vivid. Logic Fire. Bus HAVi SDK for Linux, v. 1. 0. 8 Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 51
What We’ve Done l Investigated the (several) different ways of controlling HAVi devices l l Made simple applications to control HAVi devices But don’t have a working PUC interface l Have put efforts on hold Limitations of HAVi l Problems with SDK l Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 52
Television l l l Under the HAVi system, acts as the “master controller” Refuses to be controlled or to respond to our requests Even having the TV and PC on same bus causes problems Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 53
VCR l Several different ways to control VCR FCM “Functional Control Module” l Static list of capabilities l l Havlet l l A Java program uploaded and run on TV (or PC) DDI “Data-Driven Interaction” l Panel-based interface for arbitrary control l Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 54
VCR FCM l A few more features than AV/C: l l l Play, Record, Fast Forward, Fast Reverse, Variable Forward, Variable Reverse, Stop, Record-Pause, Skip, Eject Media, Set Recording Mode, Clear. RTC Get State, Get Recording Mode, Get Format, Get Position, Get capability, Get Reject Info No querying for capabilities (Apparent) Bugs in SDK on getting status Have created simple programs to control VCR using the FCM Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 55
Hav. Lets l l l Java Applets downloaded to a Java interpreter No hooks for programmatic control Very limited functions provided in the VCR’s Hav. Let l l Rewind, Play, Fast Forward, Stop, Pause, Record Status, Counter, Media Type, Recording Rate of Tape, Rate of Data Source Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 56
Data-Driven Interaction (DDI) l l We hoped this would provide device querying and control, but… Only limited features provided in DDI l l l Same as Hav. Let interface Rewind, Play, Fast Forward, Stop, Pause, Record, and some status requests Provides each UI element as a separate item l l E. g. , “Time: ” and “ 54: 35: 33” may be two separate labels placed next to each other Need to infer relationships and types by layout Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 57
Issues with Vivid. Logic’s SDK l l Their engineers have been very helpful SDK incomplete, poorly documented and quite buggy Only runs with a specific desktop Firewire card, only on Linux (for now) Slow to come out with new versions l Needed to be “FAV” (Full AV) to use DDI but FAV support not available until Dec’ 02 Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 58
Demo l l Show other devices we have gotten to work demo Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 59
Black, followed by OLD
Adaptor for AV/C PUC Java Proxy Hand-written spec of AV/C devices PUC Java Library Our Java device code Multiple device controllers Automatic GUI generation Automatic Speech UI generation Our C++ code Microsoft Direct. Show library AV/C protocol Firewire cable (IEEE 1394) Brad Myers Digital Video Camera or VCR Carnegie Mellon 61
Adaptor using Custom Hardware for Stereo l l l Pretends to send IR codes Reads LED panel signals to decode state Created by Pittsburgh company: Maya Design Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 62
Driver Information Console l Simulator for the Driver Information Console of Yukon Denali SUV l l All the modes and messages Full emulation of steering wheel buttons Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 63
Simulator for HVAC Brad Myers Carnegie Mellon 64
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