Human Cell Biology and Physiology Timothy Billington Ph
Human Cell Biology and Physiology Timothy Billington Ph. D
Cilia HUMAN CELL ANATOMY Microvilli Secretory vesicle Golgi Apparatus Cytosol Centrioles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoskeleton Nuclear Envelope Free ribosomes (= unattached) Nuclear Pores Mitochondrion Nucleolus Image source: Blausen medical
OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE 1. Learn what a human cell is 2. Discover the many types of cells in the 11 organ systems of the body 3. Learn how cells work , what they do and what they react to in the maintenance of life and inheritance
LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this course I would like you to: 1. Understand what a human cell is 2. Learn which structures are inside cells and on cells 3. Describe how different cells function in the different organs of the body
COURSEWORK, CONTENT DELIVERY 1. Lectures based on Power. Point slides 2. Discussions based on improving your learning techniques I shall also refer you to published papers of particular currently topical interest PLEASE don’t hesitate to ask questions during the lectures PLEASE let me know if you are not understanding something, as we go along
ASSESSING YOUR KNOWLEDGE and UNDERSTANDING Formative Quizzes and short answer questions. so that you can check your understanding Answers will be marked, and will form basis of discussions and understanding of new concepts Please at least attempt the formative assessments
ASSESSING YOUR KNOWLEDGE and UNDERSTANDING Summative During the course, I shall provide 5 short-answer assignments for you to answer in ~300 words each I WILL mark your answers ‘ 1500 word portfolio’ which you email to me at the end of the course. Final date for submission of your portfolio: 16 th December, 2016
EXPECTATION: That you demonstrate a critical and evaluative approach in your answers CATS points: This course is worth 10 CATS points for those of you who have already elected to enrol in the CATS scheme. This had to be done before the start of the course. Enrolment for CATS can be done retrospectively between Jan 1 st and August 31 st in the following academic year. CATS stands for: Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme
HOURS Class time: 20 (10 meetings X 2 hr) Outside class: 80 = 8 hr / week Total recommended: 100
Formalities: Please provide me your email Mine is timb 48@bigpond. com Submission of written work: Email me with attached files of your answers Introductions of class members: Name Study background in the past? What do you come to this class with? Any particular experience related to Cells or Biology or Science?
Declaration of Authorship Form Please hand in/submit a completed copy of the Declaration when you hand in your portfolio Submission of coursework Make sure your name and course title is on each piece of work Library website http: //www. bodleian. ox. ac. uk/conted An on-line guide for weekly class students can be found at http: //ox. libguides. com/conted-weeklyclass Reading University library http: //www. unicorn. reading. ac. uk (click on ‘Guest user’)
Week 1: Introduction SIMPLE CHEMISTRY RELATION to HUMAN CELLS
To help understand how cells work, we need to discover what they are made of. So we will be looking at some simple chemistry
SIMPLE CHEMISTRY EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN 1 proton (+ve charge) THE 2 SMALLEST ATOMS HELIUM 1 electron ( -ve charge ) 2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons (Zero neutrons) Atomic nucleus, containing Protons and Neutrons
The arrangement of electrons in 3 D space gives an atom its properties Determines: how it interacts with other atoms to form molecules
HOW ARE THE ELECTRONS ARRANGED AROUND AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS? Think about it like this: electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus First shell has 2 electrons (inner shell) Second shell has 8 electrons Third shell has 8 electrons (outer shell) It is the number of electrons in the outer shell that determines what kinds of chemical bonds one atom can form with another atom
The hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its only shell Observation: For stability, it is mandatory to have 2 electrons in that shell Question: How might we arrive at 2 electrons in the case of hydrogen?
Hydrogen, to be stable, exists as H-H See that there is a SHARED pair of electrons. Satisfies the rule that there must be 2 electrons in the inner shell for the molecule to be stable
What are chemical bonds?
Two types of chemical bond, with examples An IONIC bond is formed between, for example, a sodium atom and a chlorine atom based on opposite charges attracting A COVALENT bond is formed between, for example, two oxygen atoms based on sharing electrons Question: How are these 2 types of chemical bonds formed?
Let’s look at a sodium (Na) atom: Na has a total of 11 electrons 2 in its inner shell, 8 in its next shell and 1 in its outer shell Now let’s view the chlorine (Cl) atom: Cl has a total of 17 electrons 2 in its inner shell, 8 in its next shell and ? ? In its outer shell How many electrons are in Chlorine’s outer shell? ?
As we know that the outer shell is stable if it has 8 electrons, how many more electrons does Chlorine need in its outer shell?
AN IONIC BOND FORMS BETWEEN Na and Cl to produce Na. Cl ( sodium chloride = table salt ) HOW? Na LOSES the 1 electron in its outer shell and so becomes Positively charged, ie Na+ ion Cl GAINS that electron to add to its outer shell and so becomes Negatively charged, ie. Cl- As we all know, opposite charges attract, so Na+ Question: + Cl- Na. Cl What electrical charge would the Na. Cl molecule have? ? How many electrons are now in the Chlorine ion’s outer shell? How many electrons are now in the Sodium ion’s outer shell? ion
A COVALENT BOND FORMS BETWEEN 2 OXYGEN (O) atoms HOW? O has a total of 8 electrons, that is: 2 in its inner shell and ? ? in its outer shell In an oxygen molecule , 2 oxygen atoms SHARE 2 Pairs of electrons such that each atom has a filled outer shell Question: How many electrons are in a filled outer shell?
ATOMS / ELEMENTS which are IMPORTANT in CELL CHEMISTRY Carbon 6 electrons Oxygen 8 Nitrogen 7 Hydrogen 1 Phosphorus 15 Potassium 19 Sodium 11 Chlorine 17
WATER H O H SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl POTASSIUM CHLORIDE K Cl CARBON DIOXIDE OCO OXYGEN OO CARBOHYDRATES C H O PROTEINS C H O N
8 LEVELS of ORGANISATION in the BODY Atoms Least complex Molecules Macromolecules Cells Tissues Organ systems Organism Most complex
Atoms: smallest, most basic particles of matter Molecules: combinations of two or more atoms Macromolecules: very large molecules Cells: living combinations of macromolecules
Tissues: combinations of cells Organs: combinations of two or more tissue types Organ Systems: combinations of two or more organs Organisms: sum total combination of organ systems, in our case, 11.
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