Human Body Systems You Cant Have One Without

Human Body Systems You Can’t Have One Without The Other 1

Body Systems Work Together If you damage one system, you may damage several…for example, smoking irritates the lungs and destroys the cells of the immune system Ardi Rizal 2 years old Musi Banyuasin, Indonesia May 2010 2

If you get excited, scared, anxious, the nervous system works with the circulatory system by increasing your heart rate. 3

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AIDS destroys the Immune System As a result you may get: 1. pneumonia (respiratory ), 2. yeast infection (reproductive ), 3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive) 4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary). 5

The Human Body Team How does the body get the systems to work together? To answer this question, we need to recall the organizational structure of multicellular organisms. 6

Levels Of Organization ATOMS ORGANISM CELLS TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS 7

Cells • 100 Trillion cells in human body – 210 different types of cells • How many can you list? 8

The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues 9

ORGAN A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. 10

Organ A group of organs that work together to perform a single function System. 11

There are 11 organ systems in the human body 1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic & Immune System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System 12

Skeletal System Your skeleton has five major functions. • It provides shape and support • Enables you to move • Protects your internal organs • Produces blood cells • Stores certain materials until your body needs them 13

Major Organs of the Skeletal System • Bones • Tendons connect bones to muscles. • Ligaments connect bone to bone. • Cartilage cushions places where bones connect and offers flexibility. 14

Muscular System Your muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones. 15

Major Tissues of the Muscular System Your body has three types of Muscle tissue. • skeletal muscle • smooth muscle • cardiac muscle 16

Circulatory System aka Cardiovascular System The main functions is to transport • Oxygen • Nutrients • Waste throughout the body 17

The main parts of the Circulatory System are: • Heart • Blood Vessels • Aorta • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • veins • Blood 18

Respiratory System Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body. 19

The Main Parts of the Respiratory system are: Nose Mouth Pharynx larynx Trachea Lungs • Bronchioles • alveoli • Diaphragm • • • 20

The Digestive System • The main functions of the digestive system • Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb. • Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. • Eliminates solid wastes from the body. 21

The Main Parts of the Digestive System are: 22

The Excretory System Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion. • Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long • Weight is 4 – 6 ounces • The urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day. 23

The Main Parts of the Excretory System 24

Integumentary System Your Skin has many important functions: (it’s your skin) • Covers body and prevents water loss. • Protects body from injury and infection. • Helps regulate body temperature. • Eliminate wastes • Gathers information about the environment • Produce vitamin D 25

Major Parts of the Integumentary System Skin • Hair • Nails • 26

Immune System • It’s role is to protect you from foreign invaders. Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targeted specifically at that type of pathogen. • A pathogen is a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. 27

Specialized Immune System Cells • White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. • T-cells and B-cells are two major types of lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job. B- Cells T- Cells 28

Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies 29

Major Parts of the Lymphatic System • It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body. • It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system. • The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response. 30

Reproductive System • Main Function – Make gametes(egg and sperm) and hormones – Fertilization of the egg with sperm – Differ structures in male to female with different functions. 31

• Main Parts: Male Female • Testes • Scrotum • Sperm ducts • Urethra • Prostate and other glands • penis • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes • Fimbriae • Uterus (womb) • Cervix • vagina 32

Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs. 33

Endocrine System • The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis. • The hormones also help the body to regulate: v Growth v Sexual development v Metabolism v Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

Glands and Hormones Gland Hormone Produced Effects Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to regulate fluid balance Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other glands Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood pressure Testes Testosterone Sperm & male characteristics Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female characteristics 35

Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs. 36

Endocrine System • The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis. • The hormones also help the body to regulate: v Growth v Sexual development v Metabolism v Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

Glands and Hormones Gland Hormone Produced Effects Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to regulate fluid balance Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other glands Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood pressure Testes Testosterone Sperm & male characteristics Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female characteristics 38

Homeostasis of body systems 39

Feedback Mechanisms §Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms. § A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction. §Negative feedback loop are most common. • original stimulus reversed • most feedback systems in the body are negative • used for conditions that need frequent adjustment 40

Parts of a Negative Feedback Loop Receptor Structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changes Control center determines next action Effector receives directions from the control center produces a response that restores the controlled condition 41

Receptors Disruption detect stimulus • Control center • Brain or spinal cord produces stimulus • Receives information from receptors Homeostasis Response • • Feedback Restores homeostasis Effectors • • • Sends Muscles or glands messages to Produce response effectors 42

Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value. Furnace Turns On Furnace Turns Off Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value. 43

Brain senses a drop in body temperature Impulses sent to muscles to stop shivering Impulses sent to muscles to begin shivering Brain detects increase in body temperature 44

Types of Feedback NEGATIVE • Restores homeostasis • Response opposite of stimulus • Brings levels back to normal POSITIVE • Continues to disrupt homeostasis • Response reinforces stimulus • Example – uterine contractions during childbirth • Rare 45

Negative feedback loop 46

Positive feedback loop 47