HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS The Reproductive System Human reproductive

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS The Reproductive System

Human reproductive system fetal development SC. 912. L. 16. 13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)

BENCHMARK SC. 912. L. 16. 13 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard Benchmark SC. 912. L. 16. 13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. Benchmark Clarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. stage to Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction Students will describe the process of human development from the zygotic the end of the third trimester and birth. Content Limits Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited to the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes. Items referring to the female human reproductive system are limited to the oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina. Items assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate to the development of the fetus. ovaries, Items will not assess physiological or hormonal changes of the mother during pregnancy. Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of the physiology of the human reproductive system are limited to a conceptual understanding of the production of hormones.

Content limits cont. neurulation) terms. Items will not assess hormonal control during pregnancy. Items may refer to the early stages of development (implantation, morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, but will not assess the definition of these Items referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normal human development. the conditions, genetic environmental conditions. or fetus. Items will not assess specific knowledge of malformations in human fetus, miscarriages, maternal preexisting conditions, or the impact of exposure to Items will not assess the utilization of technology to assist in prevent fertilization or monitor development of the Items will not address or assess the menstrual cycle. Stimulus Attribute Illustrations or diagrams may be used. Response Attributes None specified Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC. 6. L. 14. 5.

Male Reproductive System Scrotum contains: Testes The seminiferous tubules produce sperm and testosterone Require a low temperature Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long) Lies on top of the testes Sperm mature here with aid from helper sperm (mask the 23 chromosome sperm from immune system)

Vas deferens Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway. Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra Sperm travel through this during ejaculation Urethra glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines with the sperm to produce semen, enters here semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during ejaculation (out the penis)

Female Reproductive system (oviduct)

Female Reproductive System Ovaries - pair, internal Mature and release one egg/month Matures in the follicles within the ovaries Born with all the eggs a female will ever have 2 million at birth; 200 -400 thousand at puberty; 400 will mature and be released Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

Female Reproduction Oviducts or Fallopian tubes Feathery like projections After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one of the oviducts This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 624 hrs. The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation) Fertilized egg zygote embryo

Uterus Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result) Embryo will develop into a fetus Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder Cervix This opening connects the vagina to the uterus Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands to 10 cm Vagina Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

Fetal Development The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord. • The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus. blastocyst uterine wall Implantation of blastocyst

The blastocyst becomes an embryo. • Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo. – amniotic sac cushions embryo. – amniotic fluid in the placenta amniotic sac – placenta connects mother umbilical cord and embryo. uterus – umbilical cord connects amniotic sac embryo to placenta.

FETAL DEVELOPMENT Instruction on how to make a foldable Insert info as we go through the content Construct a six-page flip-chart Label the exposed tabs as First trimester Problems in first trimester Second trimester Problems in second trimester Third trimester Problems in third trimester Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class Research problems that can occur if the developing fetus is exposed to drugs such as alcohol or tobacco.

A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks. Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. 1 st trimester: body plan and early development Most genetic issues occur here

– 2 nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

Second Trimester

– 3 rd trimester: all organs fully formed After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

Third Trimester

Fetal development Interactive Developmental Time Line Activity - Human fetal growth

Follow-up Q/A Board Problem solving issues in class Additional activities: Fetal Development sonograms by weeks