Human Body Systems Muscular System Skeletal System Digestive

Human Body Systems • Muscular System • Skeletal System • Digestive System

Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Provides support, shape and protection. 2. Locomotion (Helps you move) 3. Makes blood cells

Skull Clavicle Scapula Humerus Vertebrae Pelvis Mandible Sternum Ribs Radius Ulna

Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Phalanges

Bone • Structure

Bone Structure • Bones are surrounded by a tough outer tissue called periosteum. • The hard compact bone layer is made of the minerals calcium and phosphorus.

Bone Structure • The soft, spongy bone is a combination of the hard bone and living cells. • The middle of the bone is a solid core of bone marrow.

Cartilage is a tough tissue made of living cells and non-living material that is not as rigid as bone.

Cartilage is found 1. At the end of ribs 2. At joints 3. In the nose 4. In the outer ear

Joints are places where two bones meet.

Types of Joints Ball and Socket joints are found in the shoulder and hip. The joint is able to move in all directions.

Types of Joints Hinge joints are found in the knee and elbow. These joints work like door hinges and allow back and forth movement only.

Ligaments are strips of tough tissue that connect bones together.

Ligaments

Tendons connect bone with muscles. As muscles contract they move the bone.

Muscular System The major functions of the muscular system are 1. Movement 2. Heat Production

Muscular System • Muscles move body parts by contracting and relaxing. • There are two types of muscles 1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary

Voluntary Muscles Voluntary muscles: require you to think about contracting/relaxing them.

Voluntary Muscles Example: Skeletal muscles These are muscles attached to your bones to help you move.

Voluntary Muscles Skeletal muscles exert forces by pulling on bones, never by pushing on them.

Skeletal muscles work in pairs

Involuntary Muscles • Involuntary work automatically. • There are two types of involuntary muscles 1. Cardiac 2. Smooth

Involuntary Muscles • Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart – They allow blood to be pumped through the body

Involuntary Muscles Smooth muscles line internal organs to help them move. - Example: digestive tract has smooth muscles to help move food through your digestive system.

You ARE What You Eat! Objective: To learn the structure and function of the Digestive System Bell Work: Place the following in order according to the path that food takes through your body: STOMACH LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM ESOPHAGUS ANUS MOUTH SMALL INTESTINE © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Your cells need nutrients found in food 1. Provide energy and materials for cell development, growth, and repair: Proteins (meats), Carbohydrates (sugars = energy), Fats (Lipids), Vitamins, Minerals, and Water 2. Maintain homeostasis 3. No food has every nutrient, so eat a variety of foods © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC +

FUNCTION: breaks food down into small molecules that are absorbed into bloodstream 1. Mechanical digestion: PHYSICAL process: food is chewed, mixed and churned 2. Chemical digestion: CHEMICAL process: food is turned into a mushy substance using stomach acid, bile, saliva, & other enzymes (proteins that speed up chemical reactions) © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Accessory organs: food DOES NOT pass through. Includes tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas 2. Digestive tract: food DOES pass through. Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum & anus © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Digestion begins NOW! 1. Mouth: tongue, teeth, & saliva change food into soft mass

2. Esophagus: muscular tube moves food to stomach using peristalsis (muscle contractions) © 2014

3. Stomach: muscular sac that turns food into a thin, watery liquid called chyme

4. Small Intestine: long tube (small diameter) that functions in chemical digestion and nutrient

Each villus is composed of cells that have microvilli. Cells Lined with villi: transport nutrients to the finger-like bloodstream projections through capillary beds to be distributed to the body cells © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC Capillary bed Microvilli

LET’S COMPARE… The gathering of the intestinal wall into folds tube linedwithout with villi If the small intestine were a simple smooth increases area tremendously imagine the folds andthe villi, surface the surface area would be–the insidethat of the folds are a string and youasare pulling on the end with the tube seen below. arrow. It would unravel to a length much greater than that of the smooth tube. In fact, it’s surface area is comparable to a tennis court! © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

* Accessory Organs of Small Intestine: a. Liver: large red-brown organ that makes bile b. Gallbladder: stores bile which is released into the S. I. and helps break down fat c. Pancreas: makes digestive enzymes & insulin which regulates blood sugar © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

5. Large intestine: absorbs water from undigested chyme a. Chyme can be in L. I. as long as three days b. Appendix: sac attached to the L. I. that is now known to provide immune support in the body 6. Rectum & anus: control release of solid waste (feces) from body © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC