Human Body Systems 2011 2012 Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis

Human Body Systems 2011 -2012

Maintaining Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment of the human body. – – – Body Temperature (sweating/shivering) Thirst when dehydrated Hormone Levels • Refers to a balance or equilibrium state in the body “biological balance”

Tissues Cells --> tissues --> organ systems --> organisms

Tissues • There are four main types of tissues in the human body: – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous

Epithelial Tissue • Covers and protects underlying tissues • Examples: – Skin – Covering of most organs

Connective Tissue • Examples: • Joins, supports, – Loose connective protects, nourishes, – Dense connective and cushions organs • Tendons • ligaments – – Blood Bone Adipose (fat) Cartilage

Muscle Tissue • Contract and relax to • Examples: produce movement – Smooth • intestines – Skeletal • Attached to bones – Cardiac • heart

Nervous Tissue • Sends signals throughout the body • Examples: – Brain – nerves

The Body Systems

Integumentary System Tissue Types - Epithelial - Connective (to attach skin to unlying muscle) Organs - Skin Hair Nails Sweat Glands Sebaceous Glands (oil)

Integumentary Functions • Maintains Homeostasis (regulate body temperature) • Provides protection for internal body • Prevents water loss • Produces Vitamin D

Bacterial Skin Disease • Impetigo - a contagious infections that causes inflammation and infections (pus filled blisters) – streptococcus (strep) bacteria – staphylococcus (staph) bacteria • Cellulitis - common bacterial skin infection • Acne - caused by clogged pores. Dirt and bacteria cause infections

Viral Skin Disease • Shingles - cause by Varicella zoster, a type of hepes virus. – Chicken pox

Fungal Skin Disease • Caused by fungal spores that embed in the skin. Can occur in hair, skin, and nails – Ringworm – Athlete’s Foot – Yeast Rash

Skeletal System Tissue Types - Connective Tissue - Bone Cartilage Loose connective Dense connective Blood Organs - Bone - Spongy - Compact

Skeletal Functions • Protection for some internal organs – Heart, lungs, brain • Forms blood cells • Body shape and Movement • Stores important minerals – Calcium, Phosphates

Skeletal Functions • Cartilage is soft, flexible tissue. Some cartilage forms bone • Ligaments are strong elastic bands that connect bone to bone • Joints are where two bones connects

Muscular System Tissue Types - Connective - Loose connective - Muscle - tendons Organs - Smooth - Skeletal - Cardiac

Muscle Functions • Smooth – Found in digestive tract and line many organs – Have one central nucleus – Involuntary (controlled unconsciously) • Skeletal – Attach to bones to allow movement – Have multiple nuclei – Voluntary (controlled consciously) • Cardiac – Found only in the heart – Involuntary

Cardiovascular System Tissue Types - Connective - blood - Muscle - Cardiac - Epithelial - Covering of organs Organs - Heart - Blood Vessels - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries

Cardiovascular Functions Heart • Pumps blood through the blood vessels • Has four chambers

Cardiovascular Functions Blood • Platelets – aid in clotting • Leukocytes (white blood cells) – Fight pathogens and produce antibodies • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) – Carry oxygen • Plasma – Fluid component

Cardiovascular Functions Blood Vessels • Arteries – Carry oxygenated (O 2) blood away from the heart • Veins – Carry deoxygenated (CO 2) blood to the heart • Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins and exchange O 2/CO 2 in tissues

Lymphatic System Organs Tissue Types - Connective - Blood - Epithelial - Glands - Organ coverings - Spleen Liver Tonsils Thymus Appendix Bone Marrow Lymph node

Lymphatic Functions • Collects excess fluid, filters it, and returns it to the blood • Lymph nodes: trap and filter pathogens and dead cells • Thymus: located above the heart and releases white blood cells • Spleen: largest lymph node, located in abdomen

Respiratory System Organs Tissue Types - Connective - Cartilage - Bone - Epithelial - Organ coverings - Muscle - Skeletal - Lungs Pharynx Larynx Trachea Diaphragm

Respiratory Functions • Pharynx- after air enters the nose it comes here before it branches to the esophagus and larynx • Larynx- voice box • Trachea- windpipe, splits into two bronchial tubes • Bronchi- branches to thousands of tiny bronchioles • Alveoli- tiny air sac that are covered with capillaries for oxygen exchange

Respiratory System

Digestive System Organs Tissue Types - Muscle - smooth - Epithelial - Organ coverings • • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine (colon) Rectum Liver Pancreas Gall bladder

Digestive System Functions • The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into forms that can be absorbed into the cells

Digestive System Functions • Mouth- both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva) digestion occurs • Stomach- muscular organ that churns food and mixes it with enzymes • Small intestine- where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream • Large intestine- water absorption and preparation for removal of waste

Digestive System Functions Accessory Organs • Liver- makes bile to breakdown toxins, metabolizes fats, makes cholesterol • Pancreas- secretes enzymes to breakdown glucose • Gallbladder- stores and secretes bile to digest fats

Urinary System Organs Tissue Types - Connective - Epithelial - Organ coverings - bladder - Muscle - Smooth muscle - Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

Urinary System Functions • Vital part of maintaining homeostasis • Removes metabolic waste and excretes foreign substance such as drugs (prescription and other) • Filters blood • Forms urine

Nervous System Tissue Types - Nervous Organs - Central Nervous - Brain - Spinal Cord - Peripheral Nervous - All extended nerves

Nervous System Functions • Detects changes in the body • Makes decisions based on information it receives • Stimulates muscles and glands

Nervous System Functions The nerve cell • Axon sends the signal/impulse • Dendrites receive the signal/impulse • Synapse a space between the axon and dendrite where impulses are transmitted

Endocrine System Organs Tissue Types - Epithelial - glands - Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Thymus Kidneys Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Endocrine System Functions • Vital part of maintaining homeostasis • Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine System Functions The Glands • Hormones- chemicals that trigger a body response • Gland- secrete the hormone • Pituitary Gland- the “master gland” controls all other glands • Adrenal Glands- adrenalin • Thyroid- controls metabolism • Pancreas- controls blood sugar levels • Ovaries/Testes- reproductive hormones

Reproductive System Organs Tissue Types - Epithelial - Glands - Organ coverings - Muscle - organs - Male - Testicles Scrotum Penis Duct system Prostate gland - Female - Vagina Uterus Fallopian Tubes Ovaries

Reproductive System Functions Male • Male genitals are located both inside and outside the pelvis – Testicles produce sperm and testosterone – Scrotum protects and regulates the temperature of the testicles – Penis contains urethra which release urine as well as transfers sperm to the female – Ducts include vas deferns and epididymis

Male Reproductive System – http: //kidshealth. org/parent/general/b ody_basics/male_reproductive. html

Reproductive System Functions Female • Female genitalia are located entirely inside the pelvis – Vagina is a muscular canal that leads to the uterus – Uterus (womb) allows for the fetus to develop in its strong muscular walls – Fallopian Tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus – Ovaries produce, store, and release eggs; produce estrogen and progesterone

Female Reproductive System • http: //kidshealth. org/teen/sexual_ health/changing_body/female_rep ro. html