Human Body ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HS 20 HB

Human Body ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HS 20 -HB 1 ANALYZE THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF A HEALTHY HUMAN.

Indicators (a) Examine First Nations, Métis and other holistic perspectives of the human body. ((K, A) (b) Describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of at least five human body systems (i. e. , cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, integumentary and skeletal). ((K) (c) Identify the normal values or ranges for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate) of a healthy human. ((K) (d) Use anatomical terminology, including directional terms, body planes, body regions and body cavities, to locate human anatomical features based on standard anatomical position. ((K, STSE) (e) Investigate the anatomical locations of organs in mammals such as pigs, rats or cats through dissection or virtual simulation. ((K, S) (f) Design and carry out an investigation to examine baseline values used for assessing health such as heart rate, O 2 saturation, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rate. ((K, S, A, STSE) (g) Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual's blood type and blood donor compatibilities. ((K, S) (h) Investigate the benefits of normal flora, or normal microbiota, on and in the human body. ((K, S) (i) Research advances in scientific understanding of human anatomy and physiology. ((STSE)

Anatomy Describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of all human body systems (i. e. , cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, integumentary, and skeletal). (K) Anatomy – Physiology – Major terms: ______ and ______ (BIG IDEA: _________________) What is an example of this in the body – where structure allows for proper function?

Anatomy Describe the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of all human body systems (i. e. , cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, integumentary, and skeletal). (K) Anatomy – study of the structure of organisms and their parts Physiology – study of normal function in living systems. Major terms: Structure and function (BIG IDEA: structure allows for function) What is an example of this in the body – where structure allows for proper function?

Levels of Structural Organization Understand the components that make up body systems Our body has different levels of structure. Last unit, we looked at nutrients – which would represent the basic chemical structures and parts of our body. Chemical Level • •

Levels of Structural Organization Understand the components that make up body systems Our body has different levels of structure. Last unit, we looked at nutrients – which would represent the basic chemical structures and parts of our body. Chemical Level • Atoms (e. g. H, O, C) • Molecules (e. g. DNA, glucose)

Cell – What is an example? • Basic structural/functional units

Subcellular level – Organelle Structures within cells that perform particular functions. Cell – basic structural unit of all living organisms. What is an example? Red Blood Cell • Basic structural/functional units

In your row look up a definition of: Epithelial tissue – Tissue Level • Tissue: Groups of cells that perform a particular function • 4 types – ________, ____________, ______. Connective tissue - Muscular tissue – Nervous tissue -

Tissue Level • Groups of cells that perform a particular function • 4 types – epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous In your row look up a definition of: Epithelial tissue – tissues that are comprised of closely packed cells that line cavities or surfaces of organs in the body. Connective tissue - tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs Muscular tissue – composed of muscle cells that can contract Nervous tissue – send impulses to different parts of the body and react to stimuli. Need Na+ and K+ pump!

Organ Level • Composed of 2 or more types of tissues • Have specific functions (e. g. __________, _________)

Organ Level • Composed of 2 or more types of tissues • Have specific functions (e. g. stomach, heart, brain)

Organ System Level • Composed of related organs with a common function • e. g. _____ system (__________, ________, _____)

Organ System Level • Composed of related organs with a common function • e. g. digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

Organismal Level •

Organismal Level All of your organ systems working together to perform a particular function: living!

Expect a Quiz Soon Know – Definitions of anatomy and Physiology Six levels of structural organization

Systems of the Human Body 11 Systems ◦ ◦ ◦ Each has a ____ __ ____ that share ____________ Ø Ø Ø

Systems of the Human Body 11 Systems ◦ ◦ ◦ Ø Lymphatic system Integumentary system Ø Respiratory system Skeletal system Ø Digestive system Muscular system Ø Urinary system Nervous system Ø Reproductive system(s) Endocrine system Cardiovascular (Circulatory) system Each has a group of organs that share common overall functions

Body Systems (there are 11) We will list a function and an organ System Function Components (s)

Body Systems (there are 11) We will list a function and an organ System Function Components (s) Muscular Movement, stabilization and heat generation Muscle tissue attached to bones Nervous Control of the body – communication among parts Brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs Reproductive “Is to produce egg cells, hormones, sperm (gametes)” Uterus, vagina, penis, testicles, ovaries Skeletal Support and protection Skeleton/bones – bones and joints Cardiovascular Transfer oxygenated blood and nutrients through the body. Heart, blood vessels, blood Respiratory Movement of oxygen throughout the body Pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

Body Systems(there are 11) We will list a function and an organ System Function Components (s)

Body Systems System Function Components (s) Endocrine Produce or secrete hormones that regulate the activity of cells or organs. Hormone producing glands and cells Lymphatic Carries water to the heart. Connected to immune and cardiovascular system. Spleen, thymus, tonsils Digestive Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, gall bladder, liver, pancreas Urinary Produces and eliminates urine and waste. Blood composition, acid/base balance and production of red blood cells. Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra Integumentary Protects body, helps produce vitamin D, regulates body temperature, detects sensations Hair, skin, nails, oil glands, sweat glands

Integumentary System What if you stopped going outside (Vitamin D) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =hmqgu. IFMC-Y v. Components: Ø Skin Ø Hair Ø Nails Ø Oil glands Ø Sweat glands v. Functions: Ø Protection Ø Regulates body temperature Ø Eliminates wastes Ø Helps make vitamin D Ø Cutaneous sensation

Skeletal System v. Components: Ø Bones Ø Joints Ø Associated cartilages v. Functions: Ø Support and protection Ø Assists movement Ø Produces blood cells Ø Stores minerals & lipids

Muscular System v. Components: Ø Skeletal muscle v. Functions: Ø Movement Ø Stabilizes body position Ø Generates heat

Nervous System v. Components: Ø Brain Ø Spinal cord Ø Nerves Ø Special sense organs v. Functions: Ø Regulates body activities Ø Detects, interprets, and responds to changes in the body

Endocrine System v. Components: Ø Hormone-producing glands Ø Hormone-producing cells v. Functions: Ø Regulates body activities Ø Detects and responds to changes in the body

Cardiovascular System v. Components: Ø Heart Ø Blood vessels Ø Blood v. Functions: Ø Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells Ø Carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells Ø Regulates acid-base balance Ø Regulates body temperature Ø Helps defend against disease How the heart works https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o E 8 t. Gk. P 5_tc

Lymphatic System v. Components: Ø Lymphatic vessels Ø Lymphatic fluid Ø Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes v. Functions: Ø Returns proteins and fluids to the blood Ø Carries lipids from the GI tract to the blood Ø Helps defend against disease

Respiratory System v. Components: Ø Pharynx, larynx, trachea Ø Bronchial tubes Ø Lungs v. Functions: Ø Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood Ø Regulates acid-base balance Ø Voice production

Digestive System v. Components: Ø Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Ø Liver, gall bladder, pancreas v. Functions: Ø Breaks down food Ø Absorbs nutrients Ø Eliminates wastes

Urinary System v. Components: Ø Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra v. Functions: Ø Produces and eliminates urine Ø Eliminates wastes Ø Regulates blood composition Ø Regulates acid-base balance Ø Maintains mineral balance Ø Regulates production of red blood cells

Reproductive System(s) v. Components: Ø Gonads (testes, ovaries) Ø Associated organs v. Functions: Ø Produces and stores gametes (sperm, oocytes) Ø Produces hormones

Would you like to know more? Crash Course Biology – #26 - #34 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x 4 PPZCLn. Vk. A&list=PL 3 EED 4 C 1 D 684 D 3 ADF&index=26

Anatomical Terminology d. Demonstrate the scientific use of anatomical terminology, including directional terms, body planes, body regions, and body cavities, to locate anatomical features. (K, STSE) Descriptions of components always assume that the body is in the _______. ◦ ◦ LET’S ALL TRY IT!!! (Remember, we are referring to the patient’s left or patient’s right) Importance: When medical care providers communicate with one another, it is beneficial to have a universal language to identify areas where health problems may be present.

Anatomical Terminology d. Demonstrate the scientific use of anatomical terminology, including directional terms, body planes, body regions, and body cavities, to locate anatomical features. (K, STSE) Descriptions of components always assume that the body is in the anatomical position ◦ ◦ Standing erect Head level and eyes facing forward Upper limbs at the sides with palms turned forward Lower limbs such that the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward LET’S ALL TRY IT!!! (Remember, we are referring to the patient’s left or patient’s right) Importance: When medical care providers communicate with one another, it is beneficial to have a universal language to identify areas where health problems may be present.

Regions of the Human Body Most terms are based on Greek or Latin words.

Body Regions

Cephalic (Head) Body Regions (Axial) Cervical (Neck) Thoracic (chest) Scapular Dorsal Lumbar

Body Regions Lower Limb Upper Limb

Body Regions (Appendicular) Upper Limb Brachial Antebrachial Lower Limb Femoral Crural Tarsal Phalangeal Carpal Phalangeal

Directional Terms Specific directional terms are used when describing the ______ of one part of the body to another. Refer to the ____________ of the body parts when the body is in the anatomic position Most can be grouped into ______ that have opposite meanings

Directional Terms Specific directional terms are used when describing the relationship of one part of the body to another Refer to the relative positions of the body parts when the body is in the anatomic position Most can be grouped into pairs that have opposite meanings

Superficial Anterior Ex. ACL Deep Posterior Contralateral Ipsilateral Anatomical Terminology Continued

Superficial Anterior (ventral) [Toward the front of the body] [Toward the surface of the body] Posterior (dorsal) Deep [Toward the back of the body] Contralateral [Away from the surface of the body] [On the opposite side of the body] Ipsilateral [On the same side of the body]

Medial Ligaments are closer to the middle line of the body. (Knee Example) Lateral Medial Proximal – closer to the chest. Distal – further from the chest. Superior The heart is superior to the large intestine. The large intestine is inferior to the heart. Distal Inferior

Body Cavities – (cavity = hole)

Crash Course A&P Write out 3 points from the crash course video: Your intestines can stretch as long as a three story building. The Anatomy Act in which individuals could use bodies for medical research. Terms are used to universally pinpoint locations of afflictions.

Anatomical Planes & Sections An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called a _____. Sagittal – Frontal – Transverse – Oblique – A cut through the body (or part of the body) along a plane is called a ____.

Anatomical Planes & Sections Obi-Wan Kenobi made a transverse cut through Darth Maul An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body is called a plane Sagittal – midsagittal (down the middle line of body) and para sagittal (offcenter line)– up and down cut. Frontal – separates into anterior and posterior Transverse – horizontal – cuts the body into superior and inferior. Oblique – diagonal cut between two planes. A cut through the body (or part of the body) along a plane is called a section

v. Sagittal Plane Ø Vertical Ø Divides the body (or part) into left and right sides v“Midsagittal plane” Ø The plane passes through the midline (equal left and right sides) v“Parasagittal plane” Ø The plane does not pass through the midline (unequal left and right sides)

v. Frontal (Coronal) Plane Ø Vertical Ø Divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions

v. Transverse Plane Ø Horizontal Ø Divides the body (or part) into superior and inferior portions

v. Oblique Plane Ø Passes through the body at an angle between two of the other three planes

What type of cut is this? This is a ______ section of the brain.

What type of cut is this? Frontal – divided into and posterior This is aanterior ______ section of the brain. sides

What type of cut is this? This is a ______ section of the brain.

What type of cut is this? This Transverse is a ______ – sectioned section into of the brain. superior and inferior portions.

What type of cut is this? This is a ______ section of the brain.

What type of cut is this? Sagittal – separates into left This is a ______ section of the brain. and right sides.

Quiz tomorrow Using anatomical terminology Draw a picture of an individual in anatomical position, mark an X on where there is an injury as indicated by the information you are given.

Blood Types and Vital Signs c. Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) g. Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual’s blood type, and blood donor compatibilities. (K, S)

Common Vital Signs Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) What is a vital sign? Why are they needed? Common Vital Signs - what are they? What do they measure?

Common Vital Signs Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) What is a vital sign? Used as an indicator of how healthy you are. A form of measuring healthy functioning of the human body’s most basic functions. Why are they needed? For doctors to get a snapshot/assessment of our health and well-being. Common Vital Signs - what are they? What do they measure? Blood Pressure – Systolic (when heart pumps) and Diastolic (when it relaxes) pressure of your blood. Measuring how hard your heart pumps and the pressure it puts on arteries. Respiratory Rate – how may breaths we take in a minute Temperature – our ideal body temperature (36. 6 C – 37 C) O 2 Saturation – amount of oxygen our blood is holding (of its maximum capacity) (>95%) Heart/Pulse Rate – heart beats per minute!

Common Vital Signs Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) Vital Sign Heart Rate Blood Pressure Respiratory Rate Temperature O 2 Saturation Normal value or range Means of Testing: What you got:

Common Vital Signs Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) Vital Sign Normal value or range Means of Testing: Heart Rate 60 -100 bpm Blood Pressure SYS: 90 -120 DIA: 60 -80 Respiratory Rate 12 -20 breaths per minute What you got: BPM – check your pulse (15 66 BPM seconds x 4 or for 60 seconds) Machine (wrist band)! SYS: 128 DIA: 88 Count how many breaths you take in a minute! Temperature 36. 6°C-37°C Machine! Armpit? 0. 3 – 0. 4 degrees lower! 36. 3°C O 2 Saturation >95% Machine (finger)! 97%

Common Vital Signs Identify the normal value or range for the common vital signs (e. g. , heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, O 2 saturation and respiratory rate). (K) Vital Sign Normal value or range Heart Rate (resting) (active) (elite cardio athlete - efficient heart– resting) Blood Pressure 60 -100 BPM 100 -170 BPM as low as 40 BPM Temperature Sys – 95 -140 – Ideal = <120 Dia – 60 -90 - Ideal = <80 12 -30 – Teens 16 -20 – Adults (Breaths) 36. 6 C – 37 C O 2 Saturation 95 -100% Respiratory Rate

How do we test them? O 2 Saturation - Oximeter! Vital Sign Means of testing Heart Rate Blood Pressure Respiratory Rate BPM – check your pulse (15 seconds x 4 or for 60 seconds) Machine! Temperature Count how many breaths you take in a minute! Machine! Armpit? 0. 3 – 0. 4 degrees lower! O 2 Saturation Machine! What did you get?

Blood Types g. Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual’s blood type, and blood donor compatibilities. (K, S) Blood Types – Antigens – Red Blood Cell Types A– B– AB – O– Plasma ( ) __ ____(protein on red blood cells) = (-) or (+) + means it has the protein Importance:

Blood Types g. Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual’s blood type, and blood donor compatibilities. (K, S) Blood Types – are determined by inherited antigens. Antigens – a molecule capable of inducing an immune response by the host organism. Red Blood Cell Types A – has the A antigen B – has the B antigen AB – has the A an B antigen O – has no antigen Plasma (liquid that holds blood, salt, water and enzymes) Rh factor (protein on red blood cells) = (-) or (+) + means it has the protein Importance: Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and crossmatching.

Blood Types g. Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual’s blood type, and blood donor compatibilities. (K, S) TWO THINGS DETERMINE OUR BLOOD TYPE Blood Type (Letter) – Example: A and Rh Factor – Example: - (negative) Both are inherited! Blood Type = A-

Blood Donor Compatibility and Inheritance g. Discuss the interrelationships between the ABO and Rh blood group systems, an individual’s blood type, and blood donor compatibilities. (K, S) US Blood Type Distribution Possible blood type of child Parent 1 A A BAAOOO BBBB Parent 2 A BAOBBABAO B O XXXXXX A XXXX X B XXXXXX X AB XXX X Crash Course Genetics and Inheritance! Phenotype (what is seen) Genotypes (genetic pair) AB Parent x AB Parent = Offspring odds ½ AB, ¼ A, ¼ B O-positive: 38 percent O-negative: 7 percent A-positive: 34 percent A-negative: 6 percent B-positive: 9 percent B-negative: 2 percent AB-positive: 3 percent AB-negative: 1 percent

Blood Types A is a dominant allele (blood type) B is a dominant allele (blood type) O is a recessive allele (blood type) Therefore an AO Genotype would mean the individual is an A Blood Type (Phenotype) An individual that is an O Blood Type (Phenotype) must have an OO Genotype. AB Blood Type is two dominant alleles happening at once. We get one “allele” from each of our parents… they combine to form our Blood Type

Rh Factor Remember! The Rh factor also affects blood donation! An A- can donate to an A+ but a A+ can’t donate to an A-. The Rh factor is another protein found on blood cells if your blood doesn’t have it (negative) then that is what’s unfamiliar and it will “attack” and reject it.

Distribution Worldwide and in SK (O) How does this connect to evolution?

Is there Homophobia in Blood Donation? Men who have sex with men (MSM) are unable to donate blood if they’ve been sexually active in the past year in Canada (or females who have sex with MSM). Support for this rule was based on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the gay community based on studies done in the past. Testing is still done on blood following donation for diseases like this prior to use for transfusions anyway. Informal Debate/Analysis: Why is this policy in place? Is this right? Why do they use the phrase “MSM” versus Gay or Homosexual?

Can you Donate? Criteria: Canadian Blood Services has certain criteria and a questionnaire you have to fill out prior to donating blood. Eligibility Quiz: https: //blood. ca/en/blood/eligib ility-quiz I encourage you to donate blood when able!