Human anatomy SKELETAL SYSTEM dr Dea Amanda Program

Human anatomy SKELETAL SYSTEM dr. Dea Amanda Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Unitri Malang

Anatomi. . : Ilmu yg mempelajari ttg struktur tubuh • Tubuh sistem organ jaringan sel • Sistem organ: muskuloskeletal, GIT, urinary, reproductive, respiratory system, cardiovascular • Organ: cardia, gaster, ren, uterus, prostat, pulmo, ureter

Fisiologi. . : Ilmu yg mempelajari ttg proses tubuh N • Cardiovaskuler: – Memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh u/ myalurkan O 2 & nutrisi • GIT: – Mencerna makanan u/ diserap & bahan bakar tubuh • Muskuloskeletal: – bergerak

Anatomical Position & Terminology Posisi Anatomis: • the Body is erect/upright • Legs together • Feet are parallel, directed forwards, flat on the floor • Arms at the sides of the body • Palms turned forward, with fingers pointing downwards

Istilah 2. . (=terminology) • Superior (=cranial) vs Inferior (=caudal) • Anterior (=ventral) vs Posterior (=dorsal) • Medial vs Lateral • Internal (=deep) vs Eksternal (=superfisial) • Proksimal vs Distal

Bidang 2 Tubuh. . • Sagital (kiri-kanan); mid-sagital: (pas tengah) • Koronal (depan-belakang) • Transversal (superior-inferior)

Skeletal System • Structure: – Bones – Cartilage – Joints – ∑ tulang: 206

Skeletal System. . (2) • Function 1. Support : penopang tubuh 2. Protection : melindungi organ 2 vital 3. Movement : bergerak saat kontraksi otot 4. Hematopoiesis : terlindung dlm sutul, produksi sel darah 5. Mineral storage

Klasifikasi tulang. . (brdsrkn bentuk) • Tulang panjang: ada beda panjang>lebar (femur, tibia, humerus) • Tulang pendek: spt kubus (carpal, tarsal) • Tulang pipih: scapula) proteksi (skull, ribs, • Tulang ireguler: (vertebrae, face) bentuk aneh

General structures of bone • Bone substance – compact bone – spongy bone ※flat bones 2 layers compact bone (outer plate & inner plate); spongy bone in the middle

Long Bone Structure. . • Diaphysis: di tgh • Epiphysis: – di ujung prox&dist – Tdd tulang spongious dikelilingi tulang kompak • Medullary cavity: – rongga dlm diafisis; – dilapisi endosteum; – Berisi: yellow bone marrow.

Long Bone Structure. . • Metaphysis: – Daerah dmn diafis bergabung dg epifis • Epiphyseal plate: – Mitosis>>, u/ elongasi – Saat pertumb slesai epiphyseal line • Articular cartilage: – Kartilago melapisi tiap epiphysis.

• Periosteum: – Outer or fibrous layer – Inner layer vascular & contains osteoblasts – Tempat menempelnya tendon

Long Bone Structure. . Figure 6. 3

Histologi. .

Histologi. . (2) • Central Canal: circular channel contains blood, lymphatic vessels, & nerves. • (Concentric )Lamellae: calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel. • Lacuna: a small hollow space, contains osteocytes. • Canaliculus: a small channel connects lacunae to each other, & to the central canal.

Bone Formation. . • Terdapat bbrp tipe sel tulang, a. l: • Sel osteogenik : sel progenitor (=stem sel) • Osteoblast – sel 2 tulang mghasilkan osteoid – Calcium & mineral lain mengeraskan osteoid • Osteosit : osteoblast trapped inside osteoid develop jd osteosit • Osteoklas : bone digestion - sel pghancur tulang demineralisasi sel tulang

Bone Cell Types

Bone Formation. . = osifikasi • Dimulai pd mgg ke-4 dlm kandungan • Trdpt 2 cara: 1. Endochondral – mll thp kartilago Kondrosit (sel tlg rwn) hipertrofi kalsifikasi 2. Intramembranous –lgsg terbentuk sbg tulang keras

Long Bone Formation and Growth. .

Bone Growth in Length. . • Epiphyseal plate – Cartilage cells in this plate divide rapidly. – Zone of proliferating cartilage. • Between ages 18 -25, the epiphyseal plates close. – Cartilage cells in the plate stop dividing and bone replaces the cartilage. Growth in length stops at age 25.

Bone Growth in Width. .

Bone Remodeling. . • Saat massa tulang optimum telah tercapai remodelling mjd proses utama pd tulang • Fungsi: (1) memperbaiki kerusakan mikro tulang (2) mempertahankan kekuatan tulang (3) men-supply Ca dari tulang untuk mempertahankan kadar Ca serum.

Bone Remodeling. . • Hasil akhir proses remodelling: tulang yg diresorpsi diganti dg tulang baru • Pembentukan & resorpsi tulang proses normal, & continuous

SKELETON (Kerangka Tulang) Axial : Skull Auditory ossicles Hyoid bone Vertebral column Ribs and sternum Appendicular : Upper extremity Lower extremity 22 6 1 26 25 ---80 64 62 ---126 Total 206 • Axial Skeleton: merupakan tulang axis dari tubuh cranium, vertebrae, costae, sternum • Appendicular Skeleton: berbungan dengan penyusun tubuh : extremitas atas, bawah, & pelvis

The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5. 6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5. 20 b

Joints. . (=articulation) : tempat pertemuan 2 tulang / lebih • Klasifikasi: a. Synarthrosis (immovable) b. Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) c. Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Synarthrosis. . • ≠ dpt bergerak • Tulang yg 1 dg yg lain dihubungkan dg jar. fibrosa • Contoh: Contoh – Sutura pd tlg 2 tengkorak – Tibia-fibula (distal)

Amphiarthrosis. . • dpt sedikit bergerak • Ujung 2 tulangnya dibungkus tulang rawan hyalin • Contoh: – Symphisis pubis – Intervertebral joints

Diarthrosis. . (=sendi synovial) • Sendi yg dpt digerakkan dg bebas • Memiliki rongga sendi • Ujung 2 tulang dilapisi tulang rawan hyalin • Contoh: – Lutut – Siku

Pergerakan Sendi. . • Fleksi vs Ekstensi • Abduksi vs Adduksi • Rotasi • Pronasi vs Supinasi

To Be Continued. .