Human Anatomy and Physiology Principles of Anatomy Physiology

Human Anatomy and Physiology Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

Organization of the Human Body Chapter One

Introduction • The purpose of the chapter is to: 1. Introduce anatomy and physiology as specific disciplines 2. Consider how living things are organized 3. Reveal shared properties of all living things.

Anatomy and Physiology Defined 1. Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among structures 2. Subdivisions of anatomy include surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy

Anatomy and Physiology Defined 1. Physiology is the study of how body structures function. 2. Subdivisions of physiology include cell physiology, system physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology

Levels of body Organization

Let’s Get Organized… ● Start with atoms, end with organism

Here it is… ● Atoms ● Molecules ● Organelles ● Cells ● Tissues – groups of cells with similar function ● Organs – 2 or more tissues ● Organ systems – multiple organs with a common function ● Organism

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism 1. Basic Life Processes • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body (incl. catabolism and anabolism) • Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment • Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, and single cells

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism (cont. ) • Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size or cells or both. • Differentiation is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state. • Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement, or the production of a new individual.

Chapter 1 ●Organization of the body ●Directional terminology ●Physiological basics

Anatomical Position ● Reference position for directions ● Standing posture, arms at sides, palms forward

Body Cavities ● Dorsal ● Cranial ● Spinal ● Ventral ● Thoracic ● ● Pleural cavities Mediastinum ● Abdominopelvic

Thoracic Cavity

Membranes ● Thin, line cavities and cover organs ● Parietal – line wall of cavity ● Visceral – cover organs ● Ex. – parietal pleura, visceral peritoneum

Directional Terms ●Superior/inferior ●Anterior/posterior ●Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side) ●Medial/lateral ●Proximal/distal ●Superficial/deep

Sagittal Plane Divides body into right & left halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane Divides body into front & back portions.

Transverse Plane Divides body into upper & lower portions.

Assignment ● Write a sentence for these: ● Superior/inferior ● Anterior/posterior ● Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side) ● Medial/lateral ● Proximal/distal ● Superficial/deep

For Example… ● The revolving restaurant is superior to the parking garage.

The subway is inferior to the street.

Sagittal Plane

Homeostasis ●“Staying the same” ●Stability despite fluctuations ●Via regulatory mechanisms

Can you think of some examples?

Blood Sugar Maintenance

Temperature Maintenance

System Components ● Receptor ● Control Center ● Effector 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92

Feedback Loops ●Negative feedback ● Inhibitory – response is opposite disturbance ● Stabilizing

Feedback Loops ● Positive ● Stimulatory – response amplifies stimulus ● Can be dangerous – so rare! ● Blood clotting, labor contractions

Positive Feedback