Human Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 1 Definitions

Human Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 1 Definitions - Terminology Organization of the Body Homeostasis Instructor: Mary Holman

Anatomy The study of the form and structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Physiology The study of the function of the living organism and its parts

Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452 -1519)

Andreas Vesalius 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Fig 1. 1 Andreas Vesalius 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Fig. 1. 3 Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Organism Cell Tissue Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Levels of Organization • Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons • Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. • Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. • Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. • Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. • Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. • Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve • Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. • Organism – the human

The Eleven Organ Systems of the Human Body A&P II • Integumentary • Muscular • Skeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive

Covering/Protection System Integumentary System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Support/Movement Systems Skeletal System Muscular System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Integration/Co-ordination Systems Nervous System Endocrine System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Transport Systems Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Absorption/Excretion Systems Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System

Reproduction System Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

A&P I Fig. 1. 19 Integumentary system Reproductive system Skeletal system Urinary system Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1. 9 Body Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Right pleural Thoracic cavity Diaphragm cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Lateral View Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Anterior View

Fig. 1. 25 a Cephalic (head) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Frontal (forehead) Fig. 1. 25 a Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Palmar (palm) Body Regions Ventral Side Digital (finger) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Digital (toe) Pedal (foot) Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Body Regions Dorsal Side Fig. 1. 25 b Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Plantar (sole) Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Abdominal Quadrants RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

1 4 7 1. 4. 7. Right hyperchondriac Right lumbar Right iliac 2 3 5 6 8 9 2. Epigastric 3. Left hyperchondriac 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar 8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac

Midline Fig. 1. 20 a Right Proximal Left Superior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Distal Inferior

Characteristics of Life Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction

Requirements of Life Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

Homeostasis The state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the body remains in the normal range

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment • Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts: • Receptor - provides information about the stimuli • Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) • Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Control center (set point) Receptors Stimulus (Change that occurs in internal environment. ) (Change is compared to the set point. ) Effectors (muscles or glands) Response (Change is corrected. )

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • There are two (2) types: • Negative feedback mechanisms • Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: • Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of the effectors • Corrects toward the set point • Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i. e. the ‘negative’ • Limits chaos in the body by creating stability • Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body • Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Fig. 1. 8 Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98. 6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lab Exercises 1&2 Metrics Body Organization Terminology

Metric System of Measurement meter m gram g liter L 10 -2 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 1. 000000 c e n t i c m i l l i m m i c r o n a n o n u

Units of Length Comparison Metric to English • 1 meter (m) is slightly longer than 1 yard • 1 centimeter (cm) is 0. 39 inches about the width of a small finger • 1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm about the thickness of a dime

These Metric Terms are Interchangeable cc and = m. L 1 milliliter 1 cubic centimeter = 1 gram H 20

Relative Anatomical Position Medial - Lateral Proximal - Distal Superior - Inferior Anterior - Posterior Ventral - Dorsal Superficial - Deep

Fig. 1. 20 b Anterior Posterior (Ventral) (Dorsal)

Midline Fig. 1. 20 a Right Proximal Left Superior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Distal Inferior

Types of Body Sections (a) Sagittal or Longitudinal (b) Transverse or Cross Section Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Frontal or Coronal

Other Body Sections (a) Cross section (b) Oblique (c) Longitudinal section Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1. 11 Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of section Mediastinum Azygos v. Aorta Left lung Esophagus Right lung Rib Right atrium of heart Left ventricle of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Sternum Anterior Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium

Reference Plate Nine Page 39 Scalp Plate 1. 9 Cerebrum Corpus callosum Frontal bone Frontal sinus Thalamus Hypothalamus Lateral ventricle Sphenoidal sinus Brainstem Inferior nasal concha Cerebellum Maxilla Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Cervical vertebra Esophagus Larynx Trachea Sternum © Mc. Graw-Hill. Copyright Higher Education, Inc. /Karl Rubin © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42 Sphenoidal sinus Lateral rectus m. Gray matter Medial rectus m. White matter Occipital lobe Ethmoidal sinus Lateral ventricle Nasal septum Skull Eye Subcutaneous tissue Scalp Optic nerve Temporalis m. Temporal lobe Third ventricle © Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education, Inc. /Karl Rubin Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.