Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

e r u t c ru t S Shape Pa rts

Functions

n Gross Anatomy n Microscopic Anatomy

Why Is This Important?

11 Major Systems of the Body n n n Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular n n n Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Integumentary System n n Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Skeletal System n n Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

Muscular System n Allows locomotion n Maintains posture n Produces heat

Nervous System Fast-acting control system n Responds to internal and external change n Activates muscles and glands n

Endocrine System n Secretes regulatory hormones n Growth n Reproduction n Metabolism

Cardiovascular System n Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart n Oxygen n Carbon dioxide n Nutrients n Wastes

Lymphatic System Returns fluids to blood vessels n Disposes of debris n Involved in immunity n

Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen n Removes carbon dioxide n

Digestive System Breaks down food n Allows for nutrient absorption into blood n Eliminates indigestible material n

Urinary System n n n Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials n Water n Electrolytes

Reproductive System Production of offspring n Development n

Necessary Life Functions n n Maintain Boundaries Movement n Locomotion n Movement of substances Responsiveness n Ability to sense changes and react Digestion n Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body n Production of energy n Making body structures n Excretion n Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions n

Necessary Life Functions Reproduction n Production of future generation n Growth n Increasing of cell size and number n

Survival Needs Nutrients n Chemicals for energy and cell building n Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals n Oxygen n Required for chemical reactions n

Survival Needs Water n 60– 80% of body weight n Provides for metabolic reaction n Stable body temperature n Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate n

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Set Point Range

n n Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Feedback Control Loop o l l e t H o H It’s

Feedback Control Loop: Basic Components Sensor mechanism Integrating or control center Effector mechanism

Direction of Signals afferent efferent

Feedback Control Loop: Basic Components Sensor mechanism (neural or hormonal) Afferent signal Integrating or control center Efferent signal Effector mechanism