Human Anatomy and Body Systems Unit Levels of

Human Anatomy and Body Systems Unit

Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body ***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis-w. w- the maintenance of metabolic equilibrium within an animal by a tendency to compensate for disrupting changes. -- Such homeostasis is the key to the regulation of metabolic processes. -- Personal determination to maintain optimal body weight, and other aspects of homeostasis, must come from w/in. -- Our bodies are smart enough to mostly maintain homeostasis, despite what our brains do. ~Ph Lab – acids/bases

The 11 Human Body Systems The 11 human body systems are as follows: -- nervous system -- integumentary system -- respiratory system -- digestive system -- excretory system -- skeletal system -- muscular system -- circulatory system -- endocrine system -- reproductive system -- lymphatic (immune) system

The Digestive System Purpose: To break down food into smaller portions that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to the cells of the body. This process is called DIGESTION. Begins in the mouth Most occurs in the small intestine. Food passes through the digestive tract 2 Types of Digestion: • Mechanical digestion- mashes and grinds food into smaller pieces. • Stomach, teeth, tongue use mechanical digestion • Chemical digestion- is the breaking down of food into molecules • Stomach, small intestine, and saliva use chemical digestion.

Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth – to chew and grind up food -- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Peristalsis - material moved thru digestion by wavelike contractions of smooth muscles. Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (p. H = 2) that leads to breakdown of food --Muscular, sac like organ --Uses chemical and mechanical digestion to break down food --Contains acid and enzymes to break down food and kill bacteria you may swallow -- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme- chewed up half digested food

Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates sugar levels blood -- also help neutralize stomach acid Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile-yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and helps digest fat- for future use. Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream --Most digestion occurs here -- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called villi, which absorb nutrients into the bloodstream Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste (poop) ready for excretion in the rectum from the anus.

villi

The Digestive System https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 s. DMVgw 9 d-c

The Excretory System Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts Major Organs and Their Functions: Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine. -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum and out the anus The Urinary System →

Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide The Excretory System

The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide - Air is transported into lungs by mechanical mvmts & O 2 is used during chemical reactions that release energy into cells. (called cellular respiration… 1 of 2 ways cells release energy) Major Organs and Their Functions: Nose – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering

Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) -- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles -- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli -- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes -- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breathe.

Did you know… Your respiratory system is involved in many activities… • Speech- vocal cords are folds of tissue in the larynx. Air passing over them causes vibrations/sounds • Cough/sneeze- clears particles out of nose/throat • Sighing/yawning- deep breaths in different ways • Laughing/crying- similar mvmts- hard to tell apart • Hiccup- diaphragm contraction (causes= eat to fast, temp change, stress, others) • All of these respiratory mvmts (including speaking & breathing) release water from your body into the environment. (water vapor- why you see your breath on cold days. • Water is lost 3 ways: sweat, urine, exhalations of air.

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p 4 z. OXOM 6 wg. E https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hc 1 Yt. Xc_84 A Image of the Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular or Circulatory Purpose: To deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and System organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration Major Organs and Their Functions: Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system -- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria- one for each side) Left atrium- Receives O 2 rich blood from lungs Left ventricle- Pumps 02 rich blood to all of body Right atrium- Receives 02 poor blood from all of body Right ventricle- Pumps 02 poor blood to lungs. With each heartbeat, O 2 rich/poor blood is pumped thru the body

2 Types of Circulation -- Pulmonary- Heart to the lungs and back pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then -- Systemic- pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body -- valve regulates the flow of blood between the chambers between heartbeats How the Heart Works Wkst/Label

Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body. Aorta is the largest artery. →Oxygen rich Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body. → Oxygen poor Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs thru body. O 2 bomb reinforcements! Blood – connective tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Flows thru circ. sys. carrying materials & waste -- Red blood cells Pick up O 2 in lungs & carry to all of body. They contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries O 2, lots more red than white blood cells. -- White blood cells – immune system- fights disease causing organisms. -- Platelets help in blood clotting (scab over), after a cut- platelets nearby begin to enlarge & become sticky. Keep blood vessels from losing blood. --Plasma- 60% of blood. Fluid mix of H 2 O, sugar, proteins, hormones, gas -- Blood Types: surface proteins determine blood type. A, B, AB, and O. A & B only receive their type or O. AB can receive all other types. O can donate to all other types but only have its own. Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood, part of lymphatic system

Images of the Circulatory System Resp/Circ System Activity

Activity: Mapping the Circulatory System • Partner 1 must lay down while partner 2 draws outline of 1’s body on the paper providing using a marker. DO NOT MARK ON EACH OTHER • Color/Label the Heart/Lungs you have been provided. Colored pencils or crayons. • Tape the Heart/Lungs diagram provided correctly into the outline you created. (you can label this either before or after you tape it) • Collect red and blue yarn to represent the arteries/veins running through the body outline. • Label heart worksheet.

The Nervous System Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment Responds to stimulus – change in environment that you react to, such as taste, smell, sight, sound, feeling. DEMO 2 Systems in One 1. Central nervous system- Brain and Spinal Cord. Processes/responds to msgs coming from the PNS 2. Peripheral nervous system- all the parts except the brain and the spinal cord. NERVES. Connects all part of the body. Sends electrical messages called impulses. Impulses travel thru special nerve cells called neurons Major Organs and Their Functions: Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through -- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions) Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body (PNS) & vice versa -- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

Diagram of the Nervous System Somatic v. Autonomic Somatic: under your conscious control Writing, talking, smiling, jumping Autonomic: controls what you don’t think about Breathing, heart beat, digestion

. . 6 th Neurosciencegrade 6 brain pptx. . 6 th NeuroscienceNeurons-and-Neurotranmission 3. pdf. . 6 th NeuroscienceBrain. Games. pptx https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ji. Tz 2 i 4 VHFw Diagram of a Nerve Cell→ Activity

The Endocrine System Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones- which are chemical messengers. Hormones are made in specialized groups of cells called glands Hormones must maintain homeostasis/balance…too much or too little can cause health problems. (diabetes, obesity, etc) Major Parts and Functions: -- hypothalamus- links Nervous system to Endocrine system. Senses needs. Ex: hunger -- pituitary gland- Master Gland; secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs -- thyroid- Increases metabolism- rate at which you use energy --thymus- makes killer T cells; regulates immune system -- parathyroid-four tiny glands, in the neck, that control the body's calcium levels -- adrenal glands- “fight or flight”; helps body respond to danger -- pancreas- regulates blood glucose levels (diabetes/insulin) -- testes/ovaries- produces hormones needed for reproduction

The Endocrine System

The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body 2 Main Sections Axial Skeleton- Main frame of skeleton, forms middle. the skull, ribs, spine Appendicular Skeleton- the rest of the skeleton (appendages & such) Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength Held together by tendons (connect bone to muscle tissue) & ligaments (connect bone to bone) Changes as your body grows. Bones fuse together as your body grows & develops. Children have approximately 300 bones at birth & 206 at adulthood. Connected by joints. Either immovable/slightly movable such as skull/sternum or freely movable, allowing bending and moving. -All joints glide- bones slide back & forth across one another -Skeleton Label Page https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. RXv 3 q. Ol 8 -4

-- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum(breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scapula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone (pelvis) -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=uzxm. KAWi. N_U Major Bones of the Human Body:

The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body -- muscle cells are fibrous -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary Major Muscles in the Human Body: -- biceps -- triceps -- deltoids -- glutes -- hamstrings 3 Types of Muscle Tissue →

The Lymphatic/Immune System Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens (disease causing agent) from the human body Many of the systems defend the body from harmful materials. -Ex: skin= barrier between you & outside world sneezing/coughing= resp. sys. defense w/ cilia & mucus What is the lymphatic system? . . . You ask…? Lymphatic system→ trash dump of the body basically, but makes a good internal hwy. Collects left over fluid from the circ sys called lymph. Does not have a pump, so fluid moves w/ skeleton. As lymph moves, it passes thru lymph nodes (see next pg) which filter out pathogens & store white blood cells. B/c it filters out pathogens many infections begin in the lymph nodes (Ex: tonsils) What about the Immune system then? . . . You ask…? Immunity- resistance to an illness. 2 types of Immunity 1. Passive- born with 2. Active- body makes own antibodies Preventing infection: Vaccine- another way to immunity. Contain small amts of dead/weak pathogen that stimulate immune response Treating Infection: antibiotics- medicines that block growth/reproduction of bacteria (strep throat) We have medicines for many other things as well (viruses, fungi, parasites)

Major Organs and Their Functions Skin – also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body’s first line of defense White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents (pathogens/antigens) and create antibodies (immune system fighting proteins called T cells & B cells) to tag and remove/fight these antigens -- phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eats and destroys antigens! (Why? ! You ask) FOR ITS DNA!!! ♪. . Dunnn dunnnnn …♪ Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system. Store white blood cells.

The Integumentary System Imagine: What if you didn’t have skin? ? Purpose: defend/protect the body from the outside world. Includes: hair, nails, skin (hair/nail = dead cells) Give ex. how Major Organs and Their Functions Skin –the skin is the body’s first line of defense. Functions of skin: repel water, guard against infection, help maintain homeostasis, senses environment, repairs injuries. Epidermis- outer layer Dermis- inner layer, sweat & oil glands are found here

The Reproductive System Purpose: to create more of our species! Which we have already learned all about! Yay! Cooperates w/ endocrine system (hormones) The End! https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. CFUp. Ikh. VBI