Human Anatomy Anatomical Positions Terminology Mosby items and

Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin • Most terms come in pairs • Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomical Position ¨ Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described ¨ Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward with palms and feet facing forward Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

n Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body ¨ Appendicular region – the limbs ¨ n Directional terminology Refers to the body in anatomical position ¨ Standardized terms of directions are paired terms ¨ Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

• Superior (cranial)- the part more toward the top of the body Superior Directional Terms • Inferior (caudal)- the part is more toward the bottom of the body – The stomach is inferior to the heart Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Inferior – The shoulder is superior to the hip

Directional Terms • Anterior (ventral)- toward the front of the body – The nose is anterior to the head • Posterior (dorsal)- the part is more toward the back of the body – The heel is posterior to the toes Anterior Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Posterior

Directional Terms • Medial- Toward the midline or midsagittal plane of the body – The eyes are medial to the ears • Lateral- Toward the sides; away from the middle – The eyes are lateral to the nose. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Medial Lateral

TRUNK Directional Terms Proximal Distal • Proximal- Toward trunk of the body; toward the root of the body – The knee is proximal to the ankle • Distal- Away from the trunk; away from the root of the body – The hand is distal to the elbow Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Distal / Proximal Cont. • When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots. • Proximal- toward the axial skeleton • Distal- Away from the axial skeleton Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Terms • Superficial- toward the body surface – The skin is superficial to the muscles • Deep- Away from the body surface – The lungs are deep to the skin Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Terms • Bilateral symmetry: a term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images Ipsilateral • Ipsilateral-structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position • Contralateral-structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position Contra lateral Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Orientation and Directional Terms Image from: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc, . Publishing

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body Language: Anterior is my smile, posterior my butt; I raise my head to be superior and look down in shame when inferior; When angry my arms point medial, and support my shout when lateral; When I hug you, I pull you proximal, but with a kick quickly push you distal;

Example Problems • • • The chin is ____ to the forehead. The ears are _____ to the nose The elbow is on the _____side of the arm The knee is _______ to the hip bone. The shoulder is _____ to the elbow. The nose are ______ to the lips.

Example Problems • The shoulder girdle is _____ to the hip girdle. • The knee is ________ to the ankle • The neck is ______ to the sternum • The heart is ______ to the lungs • The fingers are ____ to the palm.

Regional Terms Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc.

Body Planes and Sections Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by

Body Planes and Sections • Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts • Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides. – Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline • Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity • Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. – Cranial cavity houses the brain. – Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Body Cavities • Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: – Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts • Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity • Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Body Cavities • Ventral body cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts • Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Other Body Cavities • • • Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants • Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions Mosby

Abdominal Quadrants • Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants – Right upper and left upper quadrants – Right lower and left lower quadrants Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Other Positions