https www yenepoya edu in 11252020 3 39

https: //www. yenepoya. edu. in 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM Yenepoya Nursing College Dr. Padma Priya S 1

Presented by Dr. Padma Priya s Reviewed by Mrs. Janet Miranda Mrs. Viji Prasad Topic: Supervision 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 2

Introduction Supervision is generally termed as an educational process in which a person with better training or more experience takes the responsibility of training a person with less training or less experience 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM Dr. Padma Priya S 3

Cont…. • Supervision emphasized on observation and inspecting the facilities and controlling individual performance. • Supervision is defined as ―An art or a process by which individual or group of individuals oversee the work of others and establish controls to improve the work as well as the worker 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 4

Cont…. • Supervision is observation and providing feedback to ensure the quality of the program and to enable the staff to perform to their maximum potential. • Traditional approaches to supervision emphasized on inspecting‘ facilities and controlling individual performance 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 5

OBJECTIVES OF SUPERVISION • To help subordinate to do their job skilfully and efficiently. • To develop subordinates capacity to the fullest extent. • To promote team work • To promote moral and motivation among workers. • To bridge the gap between personal goal and organizational goal. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 6

Purposes of supervision • To improve the quality of work / performance • Helping the person doing the work and develop the highest possible standard 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 7

Principles of supervision • Supervision should aim at growth in knowledge and improvement of skill of the person. • Supervision should improve the ability in thinking and adjusting to the new situation. • It should help to formulate objects. • Good leader is the part of good supervision. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 8

Cont… • • No undue pressure General and not close Autonomy Supervision should have competence Supervision should have receive training Decision making is encouraged Cooperation and coordination 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 9

Free communication to required No over burdening to staff Good leadership by supervisor Suitable climate for work Give guidance Encourage innovation allowing free flow of ideas • Share positive experiences of personnel. • • • 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 10

PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO NURSING • Supervision should be focused on the attainment of one goal, the giving of a high quality of nursing care. • Strives to make the ward a good learning situation. • Supervision is well planned. • It should posters the ability to think and act herself. • Helps her to attain objectives stimulates interest and effort. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 11

Cont… • Encourages and challenges her to greater endeavour through adequate approval commendation and by recognition of work well done. • To make pattern for analysis and to analyze continuously her success in reaching the objectives. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 12

COMMON SUPERVISORY METHODS • • Individual conference Group conference Training sessions Review of records Evaluation sessions Direct observation 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 13

WHO IS SUPERVISOR? • A supervisor is a person who is primarily incharge, responsible for both quality and quantity of production, for the efficient performance of the equipment and for the employees. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 14

• A supervisor drives authority from the departmental head for getting work done from the workers by using the resources of the enterprises. • He issues instructions to the workers, directs their activities & reports to the department head on the performance of his section. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 15

QUALITIES OF A GOOD SUPERVISOR: • • Trained person Good knowledge Good in health, skills Good listener Creative enthusiasm Just impartial human, tolerant and tactful Helpful Good power of judgment 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 16

SUPERVISION CONSIST OF • Leadership • Motivation • Communication • Evaluation 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 17

FUNCTIONS OF SUPERVISION • • Administrative Educative Communicative Evaluative 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 18

Administrative • Assignment of the work loads of individual and groups according to the level of physical and mental competence • Preparing the duty roaster. • Identify the needs for supplies and equipment and providing materials and supplies to facilitate the staff performance. • Identify the problem and helps to solve. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 19

Educative • Orientation • Teaching subordinates • Plan and conduct in service education program • Ensuring staff developments 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 20

Communicative • The supervision act as a communicator between the staff and authorities and other health team members. • Facilitates communication • Encourage free communication among persons between worker and community representatives and members of health team. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 21

Evaluative • Supervisor is supposed to carryout performance appraisal of all the staff this include identify the cause of difficulty. • Providing guidance. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 22

OTHER FUNCTIONS ARE: • Co-ordinates there of subordinates and agents and promote team worker. • Promote social contact with in the team to bring staff together and increases group cohesiveness. • Develops mutual confidence • Raises level of motivation • Develops good IPR • Establish control over the subordinates 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 23

STEPS IN SUPERVISION • Defining of the job to be done • Selection and organization of supervisor activities based on available resources. • Anticipation of difficulties • Establishment of criterion for evaluation determining what extent the programme has met problem / objectives acc to plan 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 24

Types 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 25

Direct supervision Face to face talk with worker Points to be considered: - Do not loose temper - Use democratic approach and avoid autocratic - Give workers chance to reply - Do not talk too much and too fast - Do not give instructions in haphazard way. • Examples: • Home visit • Nursing care rounds • Conducting clinical activities 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 26

Indirect supervision With the help of record and reports of the worker and through written instructions. This includes: nurses notes nursing care plan Patient record and reports Patient treatment sheet Admission and discharge reports 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 27

Methods of supervision • • 1) Technical vs. creative supervision (2) Co-operative vs. authoritarian (3) Scientific vs. institutive (4) Task oriented vs. employee oriented 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 28

Technical VS Creative • These are basic supervisory skills and which need to be trained – group discussion and conference • For example: techniques of service study, record construction, time study etc. • Provides maximum adaptation to the situ • Ex. Instead of orientation period of two week for each new staff member, a variable plan in both contents and time according to the needs of each individual should formulated. 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 29

Cooperative VS Authorization • Full participation of each member of the group in planning, action and decision. • Supervision responsibility centers entirely on the supervisor, with the staff following his / her orders. • Both are needed all to situation 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 30

Scientific supervision VS Intitutive supervision • Relies on objective study and measurement than personal judgment / opinion. • It needs to maintain IPR 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 31

Task oriented VS Employee oriented • Emphasize the task more than performer • Supervisors are more concerned about worker staff their needs and welfare than assigned tasks 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 32

TOOLS FOR SUPERVISION • • Checklist Rating scales Nurses reports Nursing rounds 11/25/2020 3: 39 PM (NAME) 33

checklist 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 34

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Nurses report • Day and night reports in which nurses knowledge and awareness about patient condition and care given for the same 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 37

TECHNIQUES OF SUPERVISION • A technique is a way of doing something. Techniques vary with the personality and ability of the individuals who are being supervised, the activities that are being performed under supervision and the immediate circumstances. • Any technique used for supervision must be based on sound democratic psychological principles which takes account the nurse‘s individuality 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 38

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THE PROCESS OF SUPERVISION Stage 1: Preparation for supervision A supervisor should focus on specific issue. - Efficacy of service provided to the - Relevant problems - Efficacy problem utilization management of limited resources. • 2. Study of document • 3. Identification of priorities • 4. Preparation of a supervision schedule • • • 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 40

• Stage 2: supervision • Use tools: - Job description • - Task description • - Weekly time table • - Check list / rating for each work 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 41

As a supervisor the following duties has to be performed • Establish contact • Review the objectives, targets and norms • Review job descriptions • Note actual / potential conflict • Observe the actual performance. • Observe the individual nursing staff carries out his/her tasks. • Identify the gaps & needs for follow up action based on feed back data attained through the observation 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 42

• Stage 3: Follow up of supervision • Unless actions to follow-up the gaps and needs identified during stage are taken, supervision remains incomplete. Each supervisor must prepare a report on the observations made during supervision. The follow-up action may include: 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 43

• Organizing in-service training programmes/continuing education programmes for the nursing personnel. • Reorganization of time table / work plan/ duty roaster. • Initiating changes in logistic support or supply system. • Initiating actions for organizing staff welfare activities. • Counseling and guidance regarding career development and professional growth. 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 44

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISION DEPENDS ON • • • 1. Human relations skill 2. Technical and Managerial knowledge 3. Leadership position 4. Improved upward relations 5. Relief from non-supervisory duties 6. General and lose supervision 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 45

PROBLEMS OF SUPERVISION • 1. Shortage of nursing personnel. • 2. Individual differences among personnel in interests, capacities and abilities. • 3. Lack of information, insight and understanding of changes and developments in the interest of the continuance and improvement of nursing. • 4. Lack of clearly defined assignments, multiple responsibility and lack of planning on the part of those to whom personnel is 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 46

Cont…. • Outdated policies, procedures and guides to workmanship which cause them to be disregarded and unused. • 6. Inadequate, unsafe, and defective equipment. • 7. Ill health in the part of personnel • 8. Undesirable personnel characteristics with special attention to attitudes. 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 47

COMMON PROBLEMS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING SUPERVISION • 1. Problems inherent to budgeting, planning and timing. • 2. Personnel problems including problems of poor performance. • 3. Grievances • 4. Lack of financial resources. • 5. Lack administrative support 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 48

• 6. Staff members who are inflexible and resist any type of change • 7. Assignment to projects other than those committed to perform • 8. Lack of political support • 9. . Staff members who do not accept or support the program goals. • 10. Conflict within the nursing unit itself 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 49

• 11. Inability to proceed (for many reasons) because the timing is wrong • 12. Inability to hire qualified personnel. • 13. . Changes in program priorities. • 14. Other issues can include anything from car rental, uniform allowance, security of the staff within the community, need for supplies and equipment, duplication of services provided by another organization. 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 50

• • • 11. No over burdening to staff 12. Good leadership by supervisor 13. Suitable climate for work 14. Give guidance 15. Supervision should encourage innovation allowing free flow of ideas and share positive experiences of personnel. • 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 51

Summary and conclusion • Systematic supervision by nurse manager is an important element in nursing management. • It encourages, motivates, assesses the effectiveness of their own works and develops their potential for giving good nursing care. • Uses the standard guideline and manual for supervision is important 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 52

Reference • Neelam Kumari. A Text book of management of Nursing services and education. 6 th edition. Jaypee Publishers. New Delhi • Gillies AD. Nursing Management. A system approach. 2 nd edition. W. B. Saunders company. Philadelphia. 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 53

Cont… • Jogindra Vati. Principles and Practice of nursing management and administration. Jaypee Publishers. New Delhi. • Deepak, Sarath Chandran and Mithun Kumar A comprehensive text book on Nursing Management, 2017. 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 54

• Kulkarni, CR. Hospital management, Accounting, planning and control. National health management institute, Delhi. PP 66 -71. • A comprehensive text book on Nursing Management. Deepak, Sarath Chandran and Mithun Kumar, 2017, PP 340 -346 11/25/2020 3: 40 PM (NAME) 55