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AMOEBA SISTERS

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm MUTATIONS: Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Kinds of Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

KINDS OF MUTATIONS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Gene Mutations Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: SUBSTITUTIONS Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: FRAMESHIFT The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic. The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. Changes like these are called frameshift mutations. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: INSERTION In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: DELETION In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted. Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosom Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: CHROMOSOMAL • Chromosomal Mutations • Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. • Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: DUPLICATION Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: INVERSION Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

KINDS OF MUTATIONS: TRANSLOCATION Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

SIGNIFICANCE OF MUTATIONS • Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression. • Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders. • Polyploidy is the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

12– 4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an) • duplication. • deletion. • inversion. • point mutation.

12– 4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an) • frameshift mutation. • point mutation. • chromosomal mutation. • inversion.

12– 4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an) • deletion. • inversion. • duplication. • point mutation.

12– 4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called • a deletion. • a frameshift mutation. • an insertion. • a substitution.

12– 4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an) • inversion. • deletion. • substitution. • translocation.