https vimeo com35754924 Learning A relatively permanent change

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Learning • A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior caused by experience • We learn by association—our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to—a “thing” • Response – any behavior or action—a “reaction”

Ivan Pavlov • Russian Physiologist famous for discovery of classical conditioning • Salivating Dog Experiment

Classical Conditioning • Stimulus to stimulus • Type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response • The stimulus predicts another stimulus that already produces that response

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=S 6 AYof Qcho. M

Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov’s Experiment

Components of Classical Conditioning

Things to Remember • Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically – Leads to an unconditioned response • Unconditioned Response: Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus – Unlearned, untrained – A natural response

Things to Remember • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): – Previously neutral stimulus (NS) that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response • Conditioned Response (CR): – Response to the conditioned stimulus – Usually the same behavior as the UR

Acquisition • Initial stage in classical conditioning during which association between NS and a US takes place – 1. NS needs to come before the US – 2. Time between the two stimulus should be about half a second

Extinction • Diminishing of a learned response • The continual presentation of the CS (bell) without the US (food) will cause a decrease in the CR (salivation)

Spontaneous Recovery • After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS (bell) persists alone becomes extinct again

Generalization • Producing the same response to two similar stimuli • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

Discrimination • Producing different responses to two stimuli • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UR and the other does not

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hf. TTm -rg. FFI

Extended Classical Conditioning

John B. Watson • Founder of Behaviorism • View that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes • Should be objective and not introspective

Little Albert • 11 -month-old infant • Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FMnhy Goz. Ly. E

Little Albert – During Conditioning

Little Albert - Generalization

Cognition and Biological Predispositions

Robert Rescorla • Contingency Model: emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning • Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the US

John Garcia • Biological Predisposition • Taste Aversion • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea