http faculty uca edujohncmbi 1440 htm DNA RNA

http: //faculty. uca. edu/~johnc/mbi 1440. htm DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis http: //www. wappingersschools. org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/m. RNA. gif

DNA – base pairs carry the genetic Section 12 -1 code for the sequence of the amino acids Structure of DNA Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Nucleotides in the DNA strand carry the code for proteins Image by: Riedell

Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder” A Phosphate group G Deoxyribose sugar C T

Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder” A ADENINE G GUANINE Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar

CHARGAFF’S RULES A = T G = C _________ At time no one knew why… now we know its because Adenine always bonds THYMINE across with______ Guanine always bonds CYTOSINE across with ______ Image from: http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/evo 101/images/dna_bases. gif

DNA is safely stored in the nucleus. m. RNA (messenger RNA) brings a copy of the code out to the cytoplasm. RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

Transcription - Making a copy of the DNA code Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase RNA DNA Enzyme called RNA polymerase separates strands of DNA, then uses one strand as a template to assemble an m. RNA copy. m. RNA will carry the “script” out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid Also made of nucleotides Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is single stranded, instead of doubled stranded. Contains uracil instead of thymine. http: //images 2. clinicaltools. com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed. jpg

Replication – Noun – The action of copying or reproducing something. – A copy. Synonyms – reply - rejoinder - answer - response - replica - copy • Done only by DNA • Nucleus of the eukaryotic cells

Transcription – Noun – A written or printed representation of something. – The action or process of transcribing something. Synonyms – transcript – re-write – Done by the m. RNA – Nucleus of an eukaryotic cell – Contains the codon

Translation – Noun – The process of translating words or text from one language into another. – A written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or system. Synonyms • rendering - rendition – interpretation – Done by t. RNA – Contains the anticodon – Contains the amino acid

MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA) & PROCESSING (remove interons) takes place in nucleus TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins) takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm “Blueprints” of master plan are carried to building site http: //www. home-improvement-resource. com/images/architect. jpg

Translation - Translating the base pair codes into an amino acid sequence m. RNA – the copy of the code sequence of base pairs t. RNA – carries the amino acid to the ribosome as coded for in the m. RNA – codons code for specific amino acids.

ANTICODON ______ on t. RNA EACH t. RNA carries only one kind of amino acid _______ matches up with CODON ____ on m. RNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? Message is read in groups of 3 = _____ CODON UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine - Histidine - Glycine Codons represent different amino acids

The m. RNA Code 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon. AUG START= _______ STOP 3 codons for _____

Translation Translating the base pair codes into an amino acid sequence

Translation (continued)

Summary of protein synthesis DNA strand in nucleus Occurs in the nucleus m. RNA moves out to cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome RNA message copied from DNA

A graphic to show you translation to sequence the protein carries a specific amino acid depending upon its code codon ribosome

What is Gel Electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is a widely used technique for separating electrically charged molecules. It is a central technique in molecular biology and genetics laboratories, because it lets researchers separate and purify the nucleic acids DNA and RNA and proteins, so they can be studied individually. Gel electrophoresis is often followed by staining or blotting procedures used to identify the separated molecules. Read more: http: //www. answers. com/topic/gel-electrophoresis#ixzz 1 pg. Fn. ADf. N

Gel Electrophoresis

Test February 14/15 Please Study!