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生命科学概论 授课教师：牛登科 http: //cmb. bnu. edu. cn/teachers/niudk. htm dkniu@bnu. edu. cn 010 -58802064； 136 8329 55 助教： 李希希 132 6922 90 cmblixx@mail. bnu. edu. cn; � 欣然 182 1080 59 lanxinran@hotmail. com

生命(科学)的定义 n Biodiversity----Difficult to define n Many definitions, which one should we choose? Which expert should we trust? This is a general question for beginners. (独立 思考是相对的) n Experts—high level experts---high level experts in the field of evolutionary biology n Multiplication, variation, and heredity. n 生命科学是研究生物体及其活动规律的科学，广义的生命科学还包括 生物技术、生物与环境、生物学与其他学科交叉的领域。 n 目前生物科学本科一般开设：植物学、动物学、微生物学、生物化学 及分子生物学、细胞生物学、遗传学、生态学，有些学校开设进化生 物学。

n n n n Many Nobel prize winners in biology comes from other fields. Walter Gilbert, 1980年度诺贝尔化学奖得主。 I went to Harvard and majored in chemistry and physics. I became interested in theoretical physics and, as a graduate student, worked in theory of elementary particles, the quantum theory of fields. I spent my first graduate year at Harvard, then went to the University of Cambridge for two years, where I received my doctorate degree in 1957. My thesis supervisor was Abdus Salam; I worked on dispersion relations for elementary particle scattering: an effort to use a notion of causality, formulated as a mathematical property of analyticity of the scattering amplitude, to predict some aspects of the interaction of elementary particles. I met Jim Watson during this period.

n n I returned to Harvard and, after a postdoctoral year and a year as Julian Schwinger's assistant, became an assistant professor of Physics. During the late fifties and early sixties, I taught a wide range of courses in theoretical physics and worked with graduate students on problems in theory. However, after a few years my interests shifted from the mathematical formulations of theoretical physics to an experimental field. In 1961, Gilbert published his first paper on messenger RNA in Nature Magazine, and gained immediate respect for his work in experimental biology. In 1964, he published the last of his papers in theoretical physics and officially became a tenured biophysicist at Harvard. After my change from physics to molecular biology, I was promoted at Harvard in Biophysics and later in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.